1 00:00:05,960 --> 00:00:04,039 good evening ladies and gentlemen and 2 00:00:08,360 --> 00:00:05,970 welcome to the Space Telescope public 3 00:00:10,250 --> 00:00:08,370 lecture series it is my pleasure to be 4 00:00:13,549 --> 00:00:10,260 your host I am dr. Frank summers of the 5 00:00:16,640 --> 00:00:13,559 office of public outreach and when you 6 00:00:18,470 --> 00:00:16,650 came in hopefully you can picked up one 7 00:00:20,750 --> 00:00:18,480 of our pretty pictures this is a brand 8 00:00:23,570 --> 00:00:20,760 new pretty picture on that we haven't 9 00:00:27,859 --> 00:00:23,580 given out before it is the southern Crab 10 00:00:30,859 --> 00:00:27,869 Nebula which I don't guess you could see 11 00:00:39,740 --> 00:00:30,869 a crab there I see more of a tick to be 12 00:00:41,750 --> 00:00:39,750 honest with you now this is a special 13 00:00:44,900 --> 00:00:41,760 image this was one that we released for 14 00:00:48,920 --> 00:00:44,910 Hubble's 29th anniversary and you'll see 15 00:00:51,040 --> 00:00:48,930 on the back that it's not a full-color 16 00:00:54,650 --> 00:00:51,050 image it's actually composed of several 17 00:00:57,380 --> 00:00:54,660 spectral lines put together okay so 18 00:00:59,029 --> 00:00:57,390 these are the spectral lines that were 19 00:01:01,310 --> 00:00:59,039 used to put it together so it's not how 20 00:01:03,170 --> 00:01:01,320 it would look to the human eye it's how 21 00:01:05,390 --> 00:01:03,180 it looks in these specific spectral 22 00:01:07,520 --> 00:01:05,400 lines that Hubble observed and of course 23 00:01:09,200 --> 00:01:07,530 astronomers use these spectral lines to 24 00:01:11,270 --> 00:01:09,210 pull out different physical 25 00:01:13,399 --> 00:01:11,280 characteristics of the object under 26 00:01:15,140 --> 00:01:13,409 study and I'm assuming that the text 27 00:01:17,330 --> 00:01:15,150 from the back tells you all about that 28 00:01:21,230 --> 00:01:17,340 you didn't get one there are some extra 29 00:01:24,440 --> 00:01:21,240 on you can get on your way out please 30 00:01:27,080 --> 00:01:24,450 silence your electronics actually I know 31 00:01:29,120 --> 00:01:27,090 what I did not silence my electronics 32 00:01:32,120 --> 00:01:29,130 you know and that would be embarrassing 33 00:01:38,060 --> 00:01:32,130 so airplane mode there we go 34 00:01:40,490 --> 00:01:38,070 okay let's see what else uh tonight yes 35 00:01:42,350 --> 00:01:40,500 we have the astronomers talking this is 36 00:01:44,270 --> 00:01:42,360 gonna be an interesting talk it's a 37 00:01:45,649 --> 00:01:44,280 different kind of talk than we then we 38 00:01:47,270 --> 00:01:45,659 usually give we use to talk about all 39 00:01:50,270 --> 00:01:47,280 this science stuff and everything right 40 00:01:53,030 --> 00:01:50,280 here but we also have these wonderful 41 00:01:54,620 --> 00:01:53,040 talks about how we create science and 42 00:01:58,179 --> 00:01:54,630 Brandon's gonna do some stuff with 43 00:02:01,819 --> 00:01:58,189 hopefully a live demo yep live demo here 44 00:02:05,300 --> 00:02:01,829 okay he's gonna walk the tightrope let's 45 00:02:08,109 --> 00:02:05,310 see next month we have black holes and 46 00:02:10,729 --> 00:02:08,119 gravitational waves always a very 47 00:02:13,670 --> 00:02:10,739 popular topic from emmanuel Bertie 48 00:02:16,849 --> 00:02:13,680 across the street at Johns Hopkins no 49 00:02:19,130 --> 00:02:16,859 we have our infamous TBA who appears 50 00:02:21,170 --> 00:02:19,140 every now and then but always cancels 51 00:02:23,720 --> 00:02:21,180 before it's time for TBA to give the 52 00:02:26,780 --> 00:02:23,730 talk which means I will have somebody 53 00:02:29,089 --> 00:02:26,790 filled in that slot you never try and 54 00:02:31,220 --> 00:02:29,099 ask people to commit to talks in August 55 00:02:33,530 --> 00:02:31,230 over over summer break right so now it's 56 00:02:35,360 --> 00:02:33,540 September I can get their attention and 57 00:02:38,539 --> 00:02:35,370 I'll be able to fill that one in in 58 00:02:40,429 --> 00:02:38,549 December we have a very long title red 59 00:02:42,589 --> 00:02:40,439 and brown doors understanding our 60 00:02:45,410 --> 00:02:42,599 smallest and closest sub stellar 61 00:02:47,020 --> 00:02:45,420 neighbors okay this is understanding the 62 00:02:50,629 --> 00:02:47,030 stars around us that happen to be 63 00:02:51,979 --> 00:02:50,639 relatively small stars okay all right if 64 00:02:54,470 --> 00:02:51,989 you would like to know all about that 65 00:02:56,929 --> 00:02:54,480 you can go to our website and if you 66 00:02:59,869 --> 00:02:56,939 remember we changed our website over the 67 00:03:02,149 --> 00:02:59,879 summer we are now holding it and we're 68 00:03:04,280 --> 00:03:02,159 not posting it mainly on we sit still on 69 00:03:08,449 --> 00:03:04,290 hubble site but our prime hosting site 70 00:03:10,849 --> 00:03:08,459 port is now stsci edu and we have a nice 71 00:03:13,059 --> 00:03:10,859 shortened public - lectures all right 72 00:03:15,830 --> 00:03:13,069 something even I could remember okay so 73 00:03:19,610 --> 00:03:15,840 this end so here is our website for the 74 00:03:22,759 --> 00:03:19,620 public lecture series and we have the 75 00:03:25,309 --> 00:03:22,769 links to the web casts here we have the 76 00:03:28,550 --> 00:03:25,319 sign up for the email stuff here we have 77 00:03:29,809 --> 00:03:28,560 information across here we also have you 78 00:03:31,909 --> 00:03:29,819 scroll down because these are now 79 00:03:33,830 --> 00:03:31,919 optimized for phones all the websites 80 00:03:35,300 --> 00:03:33,840 are now optimized for looking at it on 81 00:03:37,339 --> 00:03:35,310 your phone these days so you got to do 82 00:03:38,659 --> 00:03:37,349 lots of scrolling but you get down and 83 00:03:41,449 --> 00:03:38,669 you can see of course our upcoming 84 00:03:43,599 --> 00:03:41,459 lectures as well as below that we have a 85 00:03:46,520 --> 00:03:43,609 complete listing of the past lectures 86 00:03:49,399 --> 00:03:46,530 plus we improve the individual lecture 87 00:03:52,960 --> 00:03:49,409 pages so that we have full information 88 00:03:56,179 --> 00:03:52,970 on them we have links to the whoops 89 00:04:00,319 --> 00:03:56,189 wrong one there we go 90 00:04:05,240 --> 00:04:00,329 links to the STScI webcast here links to 91 00:04:07,369 --> 00:04:05,250 the YouTube webcast down here okay and I 92 00:04:10,339 --> 00:04:07,379 know that semi gratuitous use of this 93 00:04:12,530 --> 00:04:10,349 little spotlight feature but the folks 94 00:04:14,869 --> 00:04:12,540 on that well online webcast cannot see 95 00:04:17,080 --> 00:04:14,879 my laser pointer if I use that so that's 96 00:04:20,449 --> 00:04:17,090 why I'm using the special spotlight 97 00:04:22,430 --> 00:04:20,459 feature here all right okay 98 00:04:25,190 --> 00:04:22,440 email the announcements you can sign up 99 00:04:26,480 --> 00:04:25,200 on our website or just if you want to 100 00:04:27,350 --> 00:04:26,490 write it down and hand it to me at the 101 00:04:29,959 --> 00:04:27,360 end of lecture 102 00:04:32,450 --> 00:04:29,969 can put you in there you only get two or 103 00:04:33,920 --> 00:04:32,460 three left messages per month if you 104 00:04:37,999 --> 00:04:33,930 have comments or questions public 105 00:04:40,159 --> 00:04:38,009 lecture at STScI dot edu if you'd like 106 00:04:42,920 --> 00:04:40,169 to follow us on social media especially 107 00:04:45,969 --> 00:04:42,930 those of you on the webcast we have 108 00:04:49,129 --> 00:04:45,979 Facebook Twitter YouTube and Instagram 109 00:04:51,439 --> 00:04:49,139 myself I sometimes am on Facebook or 110 00:04:53,450 --> 00:04:51,449 Twitter although I will admit I took the 111 00:04:55,730 --> 00:04:53,460 entire month of August off from social 112 00:04:57,770 --> 00:04:55,740 media it was actually kind of refreshing 113 00:05:00,709 --> 00:04:57,780 I'll be back now that it now that the 114 00:05:02,899 --> 00:05:00,719 fall is hit tonight we also have the 115 00:05:04,519 --> 00:05:02,909 observatory the weather is very much 116 00:05:07,339 --> 00:05:04,529 permitting it looks very clear outside 117 00:05:09,439 --> 00:05:07,349 so after the lecture the Maryland Space 118 00:05:11,629 --> 00:05:09,449 Grant observatory staff I'll have 119 00:05:13,189 --> 00:05:11,639 everybody meet down here and they can 120 00:05:15,980 --> 00:05:13,199 take some people across the street to do 121 00:05:17,480 --> 00:05:15,990 the observing also if you can't make it 122 00:05:20,600 --> 00:05:17,490 tonight or you want to come some other 123 00:05:22,670 --> 00:05:20,610 time MB dot space grant that Ord they 124 00:05:25,760 --> 00:05:22,680 have the observatory status on there 125 00:05:27,080 --> 00:05:25,770 every Friday evening by 5 or 6 p.m. they 126 00:05:29,029 --> 00:05:27,090 will post whether or not they're going 127 00:05:33,499 --> 00:05:29,039 to be open that evening and you can go 128 00:05:37,309 --> 00:05:33,509 do it then all right now our news from 129 00:05:40,490 --> 00:05:37,319 the universe for September 2019 and I 130 00:05:43,820 --> 00:05:40,500 only have one story for you tonight and 131 00:05:48,140 --> 00:05:43,830 they are i dropping images of Jupiter 132 00:05:50,930 --> 00:05:48,150 okay so we take pictures of Jupiter when 133 00:05:53,499 --> 00:05:50,940 it's at conjunction okay and we got 134 00:05:57,740 --> 00:05:53,509 another really good one 135 00:05:59,809 --> 00:05:57,750 just a few days ago okay this is our 136 00:06:02,390 --> 00:05:59,819 image of Jupiter at conjunction this 137 00:06:05,179 --> 00:06:02,400 year and it's really you know like 138 00:06:07,219 --> 00:06:05,189 Jupiter always is it's gorgeous although 139 00:06:09,829 --> 00:06:07,229 you know you look at it you go alright 140 00:06:12,769 --> 00:06:09,839 well Hubble's taken pictures of Jupiter 141 00:06:15,679 --> 00:06:12,779 since the 1990s okay 142 00:06:19,629 --> 00:06:15,689 I mean what's here that we haven't seen 143 00:06:24,019 --> 00:06:19,639 already but we've seen it so many times 144 00:06:27,110 --> 00:06:24,029 but that's actually the point is that 145 00:06:30,890 --> 00:06:27,120 Hubble can observe it year after year 146 00:06:35,990 --> 00:06:30,900 after year okay so look at the two no 147 00:06:37,550 --> 00:06:36,000 2019 okay here is our 2014 image all 148 00:06:40,339 --> 00:06:37,560 right and if I blink back and forth I go 149 00:06:41,270 --> 00:06:40,349 here and I go here they don't look all 150 00:06:44,810 --> 00:06:41,280 that different 151 00:06:48,920 --> 00:06:44,820 right but by tracking it over the years 152 00:06:52,730 --> 00:06:48,930 we can see that the Great Red Spot on 153 00:06:54,650 --> 00:06:52,740 Jupiter is shrieking so here is a 154 00:06:57,530 --> 00:06:54,660 picture whoops sorry 155 00:07:03,860 --> 00:06:57,540 here's a picture from 1995 up here and 156 00:07:05,840 --> 00:07:03,870 then 2009 and 2014 and when you compare 157 00:07:09,379 --> 00:07:05,850 them you can see that the Great Red Spot 158 00:07:12,800 --> 00:07:09,389 is actually shrinking it's getting 159 00:07:15,020 --> 00:07:12,810 smaller at one time it was estimated to 160 00:07:18,440 --> 00:07:15,030 be three times the size of our planet 161 00:07:20,570 --> 00:07:18,450 and now it's down to about one time the 162 00:07:23,600 --> 00:07:20,580 size of our planet okay so by looking 163 00:07:26,510 --> 00:07:23,610 over the course of the long numbers of 164 00:07:29,810 --> 00:07:26,520 years we can see that we can also see 165 00:07:32,350 --> 00:07:29,820 other changes so we follow these white 166 00:07:35,420 --> 00:07:32,360 ovals these were these smaller storms 167 00:07:40,610 --> 00:07:35,430 and from 97 they're worth these three fa 168 00:07:44,990 --> 00:07:40,620 de and BC in 98 de and BC combined to 169 00:07:49,100 --> 00:07:45,000 make de and in 2000 F a and B II 170 00:07:52,130 --> 00:07:49,110 combined to make ba oval ba 3 white 171 00:07:55,360 --> 00:07:52,140 storms that combine to form oval be a in 172 00:08:01,460 --> 00:07:55,370 2000 and then a few years later that 173 00:08:04,100 --> 00:08:01,470 oval turned red and became Red Spot jr. 174 00:08:06,920 --> 00:08:04,110 we saw for the first time ever the 175 00:08:10,790 --> 00:08:06,930 formation of a red spot so we're getting 176 00:08:13,730 --> 00:08:10,800 to see changes like this okay and that 177 00:08:15,710 --> 00:08:13,740 is why this latest image is not just 178 00:08:18,469 --> 00:08:15,720 some random image that we do but it's 179 00:08:20,930 --> 00:08:18,479 part of a very dedicated program and 180 00:08:23,330 --> 00:08:20,940 that program is called opal the outer 181 00:08:26,000 --> 00:08:23,340 planets atmospheres Legacy Program 182 00:08:29,570 --> 00:08:26,010 because this is one of the things Hubble 183 00:08:31,940 --> 00:08:29,580 really can do is look at these planets 184 00:08:35,149 --> 00:08:31,950 for years upon years and follow the 185 00:08:36,890 --> 00:08:35,159 transitions so this is what Jupiter 186 00:08:39,680 --> 00:08:36,900 looked like this is a full global map of 187 00:08:43,670 --> 00:08:39,690 Jupiter taking my Hubble in 2015 by the 188 00:08:46,760 --> 00:08:43,680 opal program okay and then this is what 189 00:08:51,130 --> 00:08:46,770 it looks like in 2019 alright and we 190 00:08:55,160 --> 00:08:51,140 could we go back and forth 2015-2019 191 00:08:57,740 --> 00:08:55,170 you'll notice that this central band 192 00:08:59,270 --> 00:08:57,750 here look at that color along the 193 00:09:02,750 --> 00:08:59,280 central band that orange is color there 194 00:09:04,940 --> 00:09:02,760 I go back it's more of a whitish color 195 00:09:07,400 --> 00:09:04,950 one of the things they noted in this 196 00:09:11,210 --> 00:09:07,410 year's image was that the aerosols at 197 00:09:13,640 --> 00:09:11,220 higher altitude along the equatorial 198 00:09:15,980 --> 00:09:13,650 belt seemed to be activated and you 199 00:09:16,550 --> 00:09:15,990 getting a submit bit of a no more orange 200 00:09:19,820 --> 00:09:16,560 color 201 00:09:23,090 --> 00:09:19,830 we're also noting that yes the Great Red 202 00:09:26,990 --> 00:09:23,100 Spot has continued to shrink okay so 203 00:09:29,530 --> 00:09:27,000 that is a small Great Red Spot it's only 204 00:09:33,380 --> 00:09:29,540 the size of our entire planet okay 205 00:09:36,140 --> 00:09:33,390 that's that small but what do you notice 206 00:09:41,030 --> 00:09:36,150 even more even more 207 00:09:45,650 --> 00:09:41,040 you notice that Red Spot jr. is no 208 00:09:49,430 --> 00:09:45,660 longer red red we saw the first time the 209 00:09:52,760 --> 00:09:49,440 formation of a red spot and now our red 210 00:09:56,570 --> 00:09:52,770 spot has dropped out and has become a 211 00:09:59,660 --> 00:09:56,580 white oval again so when I said these 212 00:10:01,550 --> 00:09:59,670 were i dropping images i actually was 213 00:10:05,060 --> 00:10:01,560 talking about somebody's been using eye 214 00:10:10,400 --> 00:10:05,070 drops on jupiter because we all know 215 00:10:12,440 --> 00:10:10,410 that it gets the red out okay I wish it 216 00:10:15,560 --> 00:10:12,450 were that easy of an explanation okay 217 00:10:19,070 --> 00:10:15,570 we're losing the Great Red Spot the 218 00:10:23,180 --> 00:10:19,080 grand spot jr. has gone away and we do 219 00:10:25,910 --> 00:10:23,190 not know for sure why okay we do not 220 00:10:26,690 --> 00:10:25,920 know why we're losing the red in Jupiter 221 00:10:28,580 --> 00:10:26,700 all right 222 00:10:31,070 --> 00:10:28,590 but that's why we're doing this ople 223 00:10:33,170 --> 00:10:31,080 program so that we'll have the data to 224 00:10:35,720 --> 00:10:33,180 study these effects and then make better 225 00:10:38,060 --> 00:10:35,730 and better hypotheses all right I'm 226 00:10:42,460 --> 00:10:38,070 gonna leave you with one final image 227 00:10:46,130 --> 00:10:42,470 that's not Hubble but oh is it just 228 00:10:49,160 --> 00:10:46,140 gorgeous this is from the Juno mission 229 00:10:51,740 --> 00:10:49,170 in 2017 it's a close-up of one of those 230 00:10:54,350 --> 00:10:51,750 white ovals and look at all the 231 00:10:56,870 --> 00:10:54,360 hydrodynamics going on in here okay this 232 00:10:59,900 --> 00:10:56,880 is the kind of stuff I just love okay 233 00:11:02,330 --> 00:10:59,910 those beautiful natural swirls that come 234 00:11:05,180 --> 00:11:02,340 about in Jupiter's atmosphere are just 235 00:11:06,380 --> 00:11:05,190 amazing so I don't use this term well 236 00:11:07,980 --> 00:11:06,390 first of all to show you that it's 237 00:11:09,600 --> 00:11:07,990 really gorgeous could I love it 238 00:11:12,360 --> 00:11:09,610 but also to remind you that you need 239 00:11:14,730 --> 00:11:12,370 those missions that go to the planets to 240 00:11:16,710 --> 00:11:14,740 see these great details but they can 241 00:11:18,060 --> 00:11:16,720 only be there for a few years we've got 242 00:11:21,030 --> 00:11:18,070 Galileo jew-jew 243 00:11:22,470 --> 00:11:21,040 we had Galileo Juno is there now we have 244 00:11:24,840 --> 00:11:22,480 these missions that can go to the 245 00:11:27,660 --> 00:11:24,850 planets for a few years but the value of 246 00:11:30,720 --> 00:11:27,670 Hubble is that it's been up there for 29 247 00:11:33,000 --> 00:11:30,730 years now and it can see the longer-term 248 00:11:34,740 --> 00:11:33,010 effects you can get the details with the 249 00:11:37,470 --> 00:11:34,750 space missions you get the long-term 250 00:11:40,620 --> 00:11:37,480 effects over over decades with the 251 00:11:44,120 --> 00:11:40,630 Hubble Space Telescope okay all right 252 00:11:46,710 --> 00:11:44,130 and now we move to our featured speaker 253 00:11:49,760 --> 00:11:46,720 we are very happy to have here tonight 254 00:11:51,960 --> 00:11:49,770 dr. Brandon Lawton he is an 255 00:11:54,180 --> 00:11:51,970 astrophysicist in the office of public 256 00:11:55,800 --> 00:11:54,190 outreach whose research if you guys 257 00:12:01,020 --> 00:11:55,810 remember he has come here and talked 258 00:12:03,120 --> 00:12:01,030 about studies dust in galaxies the dust 259 00:12:05,430 --> 00:12:03,130 clouds are incredibly important because 260 00:12:08,190 --> 00:12:05,440 they're from which the stuff from which 261 00:12:09,420 --> 00:12:08,200 stars actually form it's dark and 262 00:12:11,100 --> 00:12:09,430 visible light so people don't pay as 263 00:12:12,840 --> 00:12:11,110 much attention to it but when we have 264 00:12:14,760 --> 00:12:12,850 Brandon around he always makes sure we 265 00:12:16,890 --> 00:12:14,770 remember that the dust is really the 266 00:12:21,080 --> 00:12:16,900 most important stuff all right 267 00:12:25,290 --> 00:12:21,090 [Laughter] 268 00:12:27,600 --> 00:12:25,300 however he is an astronomer in the 269 00:12:30,090 --> 00:12:27,610 office of public outreach and in that 270 00:12:32,730 --> 00:12:30,100 process we do a tremendous number of 271 00:12:35,040 --> 00:12:32,740 activities with students with teachers 272 00:12:37,770 --> 00:12:35,050 with the general public in which we 273 00:12:40,500 --> 00:12:37,780 explain how astronomers learn what we 274 00:12:43,110 --> 00:12:40,510 learn and he decided the other day last 275 00:12:44,550 --> 00:12:43,120 time the last time I chatted with him to 276 00:12:46,980 --> 00:12:44,560 do this he decided all right I'm gonna 277 00:12:49,080 --> 00:12:46,990 take that and show off the astronomers 278 00:12:54,160 --> 00:12:49,090 toolkit so ladies and gentlemen dr. 279 00:13:05,090 --> 00:13:00,760 which one are you it's number very wet 280 00:13:06,460 --> 00:13:05,100 Thank You Brad thank you got a fan club 281 00:13:10,550 --> 00:13:06,470 in here 282 00:13:14,750 --> 00:13:10,560 it should be one thank you okay now we 283 00:13:17,840 --> 00:13:14,760 have to know that was some of my dust 284 00:13:21,490 --> 00:13:17,850 you saw there that was yes all right 285 00:13:24,440 --> 00:13:21,500 thank you so much Frank all right so I 286 00:13:25,840 --> 00:13:24,450 started here like Frank said about ten 287 00:13:30,050 --> 00:13:25,850 years ago I was a postdoctoral 288 00:13:31,310 --> 00:13:30,060 researcher here working in dust now now 289 00:13:35,000 --> 00:13:31,320 I work in the office public outreach 290 00:13:36,500 --> 00:13:35,010 since about 2011 and we're gonna talk a 291 00:13:38,060 --> 00:13:36,510 little bit about the astronomers toolkit 292 00:13:39,260 --> 00:13:38,070 this is going to be a little bit of a 293 00:13:42,320 --> 00:13:39,270 whirlwind I'm it because astronomers 294 00:13:45,470 --> 00:13:42,330 have lots of tools as is all scientists 295 00:13:47,360 --> 00:13:45,480 all engineers do right but I want to 296 00:13:50,060 --> 00:13:47,370 also show you some things that you can 297 00:13:52,760 --> 00:13:50,070 take back with you that you can do on 298 00:13:57,770 --> 00:13:52,770 your own all right let's go to the next 299 00:14:03,560 --> 00:13:57,780 first a little bit more about me so I 300 00:14:06,020 --> 00:14:03,570 grew up in Washington State and I you 301 00:14:07,460 --> 00:14:06,030 know I grew up and I I have a similar 302 00:14:09,680 --> 00:14:07,470 sort of story that a lot of Sun 303 00:14:10,790 --> 00:14:09,690 astronomers do in scientists do they you 304 00:14:12,080 --> 00:14:10,800 know you look through the telescope for 305 00:14:13,910 --> 00:14:12,090 the first time and you see something 306 00:14:15,620 --> 00:14:13,920 like Saturn and it sticks with you right 307 00:14:17,570 --> 00:14:15,630 you just you just fall in love with the 308 00:14:19,490 --> 00:14:17,580 night sky and my neighbor had this 309 00:14:21,560 --> 00:14:19,500 telescope and I saw Saturn through it 310 00:14:22,910 --> 00:14:21,570 and I was I was stuck and then my 311 00:14:24,710 --> 00:14:22,920 parents you know growing in Washington 312 00:14:26,510 --> 00:14:24,720 we didn't do a lot of trips around the 313 00:14:27,710 --> 00:14:26,520 country but we did save up because I 314 00:14:29,540 --> 00:14:27,720 really wanted to go to the Kennedy Space 315 00:14:31,940 --> 00:14:29,550 Center as a kid so we went there and 316 00:14:35,270 --> 00:14:31,950 that was an amazing trip and it meant a 317 00:14:38,330 --> 00:14:35,280 lot to me and really my love first for 318 00:14:40,970 --> 00:14:38,340 astronomy was born quite early but it 319 00:14:42,200 --> 00:14:40,980 wasn't really until I was an 320 00:14:44,150 --> 00:14:42,210 undergraduate at the University of 321 00:14:47,480 --> 00:14:44,160 Washington which is that middle picture 322 00:14:49,340 --> 00:14:47,490 there where I really got to do sort of a 323 00:14:52,130 --> 00:14:49,350 participatory sport that is science that 324 00:14:53,540 --> 00:14:52,140 is astronomy okay you can really the 325 00:14:55,250 --> 00:14:53,550 best way to learn and the best way to 326 00:14:56,840 --> 00:14:55,260 appreciate anything is really to get in 327 00:14:58,670 --> 00:14:56,850 there and try to do some of it you're 328 00:15:01,460 --> 00:14:58,680 gonna make a lot of mistakes I certainly 329 00:15:03,740 --> 00:15:01,470 did but it's a lot of fun and so what I 330 00:15:05,420 --> 00:15:03,750 what I was able to do is at this - - 331 00:15:07,070 --> 00:15:05,430 Rodge Observatory in the mountains of 332 00:15:09,020 --> 00:15:07,080 the Cascade Mountains in washing 333 00:15:11,210 --> 00:15:09,030 State I got to spend entire summers up 334 00:15:14,330 --> 00:15:11,220 there basically by myself just taking 335 00:15:16,040 --> 00:15:14,340 images of the night sky I I was lucky to 336 00:15:18,560 --> 00:15:16,050 work on a research project with 337 00:15:20,600 --> 00:15:18,570 Professor Paulus Cody there and 338 00:15:21,500 --> 00:15:20,610 professor Chris Stubbs on variable stars 339 00:15:25,190 --> 00:15:21,510 and I'll talk a little bit about 340 00:15:26,840 --> 00:15:25,200 variable stars later in this talk but I 341 00:15:28,790 --> 00:15:26,850 got it I got to do what's called 342 00:15:30,860 --> 00:15:28,800 differential photometry and I'll explain 343 00:15:32,480 --> 00:15:30,870 what that means later on these stars 344 00:15:34,130 --> 00:15:32,490 that vary over the course of night and 345 00:15:36,680 --> 00:15:34,140 it's a lot of fun to just be out there 346 00:15:39,770 --> 00:15:36,690 and doing science and then I took that 347 00:15:41,990 --> 00:15:39,780 to my graduate work in New Mexico that's 348 00:15:44,030 --> 00:15:42,000 the far right you can see the big 349 00:15:46,370 --> 00:15:44,040 telescope in the lower right is a 3.5 350 00:15:49,100 --> 00:15:46,380 meter telescope at Apache point 351 00:15:50,990 --> 00:15:49,110 observatory and that's where I fell in 352 00:15:55,010 --> 00:15:51,000 love with dust it's very dusty in the 353 00:15:57,290 --> 00:15:55,020 southwest so it makes a lot of sense but 354 00:15:59,690 --> 00:15:57,300 I did a lot of research on dust and I 355 00:16:02,780 --> 00:15:59,700 did research on some very intim attic 356 00:16:06,740 --> 00:16:02,790 mysterious things which I'll talk about 357 00:16:08,570 --> 00:16:06,750 as well in this talk okay so let's go 358 00:16:10,730 --> 00:16:08,580 ahead and move on I think a little 359 00:16:13,880 --> 00:16:10,740 history though to set the stage right 360 00:16:15,410 --> 00:16:13,890 because we have this toolkit but science 361 00:16:17,870 --> 00:16:15,420 is always built on the people that have 362 00:16:19,850 --> 00:16:17,880 come before us and humans have had 363 00:16:21,980 --> 00:16:19,860 observatories for thousands of years 364 00:16:26,690 --> 00:16:21,990 okay so on the left there is an 365 00:16:29,330 --> 00:16:26,700 observatory and from in Portugal it's 366 00:16:32,120 --> 00:16:29,340 about 6,000 years old and it was 367 00:16:34,130 --> 00:16:32,130 actually partly a crypt as well but it's 368 00:16:36,010 --> 00:16:34,140 an observatory and the hypothesis for 369 00:16:39,230 --> 00:16:36,020 this Observatory is is that it allowed 370 00:16:42,440 --> 00:16:39,240 the people the nomads of the time and 371 00:16:47,810 --> 00:16:42,450 Portugal to go inside there and look out 372 00:16:49,640 --> 00:16:47,820 that viewing window to see stars before 373 00:16:51,770 --> 00:16:49,650 the Sun had set and they would look for 374 00:16:53,120 --> 00:16:51,780 stars that would signal the change of 375 00:16:54,470 --> 00:16:53,130 the seasons so they knew when to go to 376 00:16:56,960 --> 00:16:54,480 the mountains with their herds or 377 00:17:00,560 --> 00:16:56,970 whatever they were doing so they they 378 00:17:03,410 --> 00:17:00,570 really needed that interior cavern of 379 00:17:04,760 --> 00:17:03,420 rocks there to block out the Sun so they 380 00:17:06,800 --> 00:17:04,770 could see the earliest point at which 381 00:17:09,199 --> 00:17:06,810 those stars in this case they think it's 382 00:17:11,420 --> 00:17:09,209 Aldebaran but the Stars as they were 383 00:17:13,040 --> 00:17:11,430 coming as they were coming up that 384 00:17:15,949 --> 00:17:13,050 signified spring or fall or 385 00:17:17,480 --> 00:17:15,959 what-have-you so and of course we all 386 00:17:19,880 --> 00:17:17,490 know that there is sundials and the 387 00:17:20,840 --> 00:17:19,890 Egyptians and cultures across the world 388 00:17:23,000 --> 00:17:20,850 have had observe 389 00:17:24,559 --> 00:17:23,010 tory's where people have observed the 390 00:17:27,289 --> 00:17:24,569 night sky looked at the positions of the 391 00:17:28,789 --> 00:17:27,299 stars and so on so this is really a 392 00:17:31,430 --> 00:17:28,799 human endeavor that's going on for 393 00:17:33,409 --> 00:17:31,440 thousands of years fast forward many 394 00:17:36,620 --> 00:17:33,419 thousands of years to just about 400 395 00:17:38,659 --> 00:17:36,630 years ago and you have a picture there 396 00:17:42,200 --> 00:17:38,669 painting of Tycho Brahe he in the late 397 00:17:44,810 --> 00:17:42,210 1500s who we didn't have telescopes yet 398 00:17:46,279 --> 00:17:44,820 right that wasn't in our toolkit but 399 00:17:51,350 --> 00:17:46,289 what he had was he had an observatory 400 00:17:52,669 --> 00:17:51,360 and he had he had helped perfect some of 401 00:17:55,430 --> 00:17:52,679 the instruments of measuring very 402 00:17:57,320 --> 00:17:55,440 precise angles of the sky so for example 403 00:17:59,000 --> 00:17:57,330 sextant sand quadrants and things like 404 00:18:00,500 --> 00:17:59,010 that so that he could measure the 405 00:18:03,169 --> 00:18:00,510 positions of celestial objects 406 00:18:05,299 --> 00:18:03,179 incredibly accurately as well as have 407 00:18:07,130 --> 00:18:05,309 clocks that had hours and seconds and so 408 00:18:08,810 --> 00:18:07,140 on so he knew exactly when those 409 00:18:11,659 --> 00:18:08,820 celestial objects were in that exact 410 00:18:14,810 --> 00:18:11,669 part of the sky and that was incredibly 411 00:18:17,149 --> 00:18:14,820 helpful because his assistant Johann 412 00:18:18,799 --> 00:18:17,159 Kepler used that very detailed 413 00:18:21,470 --> 00:18:18,809 information to come up with the 414 00:18:23,870 --> 00:18:21,480 Keplerian basically the Kepler in laws 415 00:18:26,419 --> 00:18:23,880 if you will the mote but that basically 416 00:18:29,299 --> 00:18:26,429 told us how the celestial or how the 417 00:18:31,669 --> 00:18:29,309 planets went around the Sun so his 418 00:18:34,100 --> 00:18:31,679 positions were incredibly detailed 419 00:18:35,270 --> 00:18:34,110 incredibly valuable for the time and it 420 00:18:39,159 --> 00:18:35,280 really pushed the field of astronomy 421 00:18:43,820 --> 00:18:39,169 forward but of course the telescope 422 00:18:44,960 --> 00:18:43,830 helped us a great deal so it's it's 423 00:18:46,460 --> 00:18:44,970 probably the most well known in our 424 00:18:47,990 --> 00:18:46,470 toolkit I'm sure everyone's aware that 425 00:18:49,960 --> 00:18:48,000 we use telescopes right so here's a 426 00:18:52,250 --> 00:18:49,970 here's a painting of Galileo Galilei 427 00:18:55,850 --> 00:18:52,260 with a tellus I think this is when he's 428 00:18:58,760 --> 00:18:55,860 showing the the Catholic Church his his 429 00:19:01,460 --> 00:18:58,770 observations that's what it's portraying 430 00:19:03,140 --> 00:19:01,470 there but this was basically built from 431 00:19:07,100 --> 00:19:03,150 the spyglass which was thought to be 432 00:19:09,860 --> 00:19:07,110 invented in 1608 and Galileo took that 433 00:19:12,470 --> 00:19:09,870 invention and tried to better it in some 434 00:19:14,779 --> 00:19:12,480 ways and he basically used it then to 435 00:19:17,240 --> 00:19:14,789 build a telescope to look up at the 436 00:19:19,279 --> 00:19:17,250 night sky in 1609 is when he did that 437 00:19:21,200 --> 00:19:19,289 okay so you can see we're progressing 438 00:19:23,720 --> 00:19:21,210 and the toolkit here we have telescopes 439 00:19:25,940 --> 00:19:23,730 now and now we just jump all the way to 440 00:19:28,850 --> 00:19:25,950 Hubble right so now we have telescopes 441 00:19:31,490 --> 00:19:28,860 where where we're not just using lenses 442 00:19:34,540 --> 00:19:31,500 like Galileo used for the optics where 443 00:19:36,640 --> 00:19:34,550 the where the glass lens collects 444 00:19:38,680 --> 00:19:36,650 redirects the light to a focus where 445 00:19:41,410 --> 00:19:38,690 your eyeball is so you can see it but 446 00:19:44,140 --> 00:19:41,420 now we have these telescopes on the 447 00:19:46,800 --> 00:19:44,150 ground and in space that use mirrors to 448 00:19:49,660 --> 00:19:46,810 reflect the light to a focus and 449 00:19:51,220 --> 00:19:49,670 sensitive detectors to capture it thank 450 00:19:53,290 --> 00:19:51,230 goodness we don't need somebody peering 451 00:19:56,590 --> 00:19:53,300 through an eyepiece up there in space 452 00:19:59,080 --> 00:19:56,600 that would be very very painful so so 453 00:20:00,790 --> 00:19:59,090 we've really moved along with our 454 00:20:04,390 --> 00:20:00,800 technology so let's talk a little bit 455 00:20:06,970 --> 00:20:04,400 about telescopes before we move on I 456 00:20:08,500 --> 00:20:06,980 want to remind you all and I'm sure many 457 00:20:10,690 --> 00:20:08,510 of you are aware of this already that 458 00:20:12,880 --> 00:20:10,700 the light that we see with our eyes 459 00:20:14,650 --> 00:20:12,890 makes up a very small part of what's 460 00:20:16,840 --> 00:20:14,660 called the electromagnetic spectrum the 461 00:20:18,610 --> 00:20:16,850 light that we can see right and that's 462 00:20:20,140 --> 00:20:18,620 noted in the middle there the visible 463 00:20:21,580 --> 00:20:20,150 light there's a whole host of 464 00:20:25,060 --> 00:20:21,590 wavelengths or types of light that our 465 00:20:26,920 --> 00:20:25,070 eyes cannot see so those include higher 466 00:20:29,170 --> 00:20:26,930 energy light like gamma rays and x-rays 467 00:20:31,510 --> 00:20:29,180 and ultraviolet rays and lower energy 468 00:20:35,020 --> 00:20:31,520 light like infrared microwave and radio 469 00:20:37,120 --> 00:20:35,030 okay and our toolkit if we really wanted 470 00:20:39,430 --> 00:20:37,130 to understand the universe our toolkit 471 00:20:41,770 --> 00:20:39,440 needs to expand to be able to observe 472 00:20:43,630 --> 00:20:41,780 those wavelengths of light so we needed 473 00:20:46,780 --> 00:20:43,640 to build special telescopes that can 474 00:20:50,530 --> 00:20:46,790 capture and detect and record those 475 00:20:52,360 --> 00:20:50,540 wavelengths so all these telescopes nASA 476 00:20:55,570 --> 00:20:52,370 has well hopefully two telescopes up 477 00:20:57,040 --> 00:20:55,580 there a large region what reason why we 478 00:20:58,960 --> 00:20:57,050 have so many telescopes is because we 479 00:21:01,660 --> 00:20:58,970 need special technology to observe those 480 00:21:03,190 --> 00:21:01,670 different wavelengths this also shows 481 00:21:05,860 --> 00:21:03,200 you why we need to put telescopes in 482 00:21:08,020 --> 00:21:05,870 space for many wavelengths right so the 483 00:21:11,230 --> 00:21:08,030 colored lines show you how far down that 484 00:21:14,170 --> 00:21:11,240 wavelength reaches to the surface okay 485 00:21:16,360 --> 00:21:14,180 so thankfully gamma rays and x-rays 486 00:21:18,250 --> 00:21:16,370 don't make it to the surface it's a good 487 00:21:19,660 --> 00:21:18,260 thing all right but if we do in 488 00:21:21,130 --> 00:21:19,670 astronomy if we do want to understand 489 00:21:22,900 --> 00:21:21,140 the highest energy sources in the 490 00:21:24,670 --> 00:21:22,910 universe it means we have to put our 491 00:21:27,510 --> 00:21:24,680 telescopes out there above the 492 00:21:29,380 --> 00:21:27,520 atmosphere where we can detect it 493 00:21:30,700 --> 00:21:29,390 visible light does reach it to the 494 00:21:32,020 --> 00:21:30,710 surface we have lots of optical 495 00:21:33,310 --> 00:21:32,030 ground-based telescopes but there's a 496 00:21:35,950 --> 00:21:33,320 reason why we would still want to put 497 00:21:37,540 --> 00:21:35,960 something like Hubble in space and it's 498 00:21:39,190 --> 00:21:37,550 because our atmosphere acts like a fit 499 00:21:41,170 --> 00:21:39,200 like a like a fishbowl like we're 500 00:21:43,750 --> 00:21:41,180 underwater right the atmosphere blurs 501 00:21:44,830 --> 00:21:43,760 the light as it comes from space so if 502 00:21:47,290 --> 00:21:44,840 you can get above the blurring 503 00:21:48,380 --> 00:21:47,300 atmosphere right then you have a more 504 00:21:50,810 --> 00:21:48,390 clear vision 505 00:21:53,270 --> 00:21:50,820 of the universe and likewise you can see 506 00:21:55,130 --> 00:21:53,280 that you know for radio it's it's quite 507 00:21:56,510 --> 00:21:55,140 lucky you can have a lot of wavelengths 508 00:21:57,980 --> 00:21:56,520 reach the ground I want to point out 509 00:22:00,110 --> 00:21:57,990 this this is a very interesting NASA 510 00:22:01,850 --> 00:22:00,120 mission called Sofia where they actually 511 00:22:05,990 --> 00:22:01,860 just put a giant telescope in the side 512 00:22:08,090 --> 00:22:06,000 of a of a plane a jetliner and they fly 513 00:22:10,669 --> 00:22:08,100 that around to get some of the infrared 514 00:22:12,799 --> 00:22:10,679 wavelengths so they open up the entire 515 00:22:16,610 --> 00:22:12,809 side of the JAL the jetliner and they 516 00:22:18,500 --> 00:22:16,620 they observe okay so our toolkit is 517 00:22:21,100 --> 00:22:18,510 greatly expanded from the early days of 518 00:22:23,930 --> 00:22:21,110 Galileo where he just had his nice 519 00:22:26,720 --> 00:22:23,940 refracting telescope too now a whole 520 00:22:28,700 --> 00:22:26,730 suite of telescopes but of course 521 00:22:31,340 --> 00:22:28,710 telescopes aren't just the lenses in the 522 00:22:33,320 --> 00:22:31,350 mirrors they're also the other things on 523 00:22:35,960 --> 00:22:33,330 there that let us record the data right 524 00:22:37,640 --> 00:22:35,970 so telescopes capture the light but we 525 00:22:40,760 --> 00:22:37,650 need Oh some way to record it we don't 526 00:22:42,680 --> 00:22:40,770 we you know we used to use our eyes for 527 00:22:46,180 --> 00:22:42,690 a while we use photographic plates but 528 00:22:50,030 --> 00:22:46,190 now we use something called C CDs 529 00:22:54,500 --> 00:22:50,040 charged couple devices which were first 530 00:22:56,870 --> 00:22:54,510 invented in 1969 by Bell Labs now C CDs 531 00:22:59,210 --> 00:22:56,880 are a wonderful invention because 532 00:23:01,520 --> 00:22:59,220 they're very set they're quite sensitive 533 00:23:02,840 --> 00:23:01,530 to light and you can actually count the 534 00:23:04,909 --> 00:23:02,850 photons of light that come in the way 535 00:23:08,180 --> 00:23:04,919 they work is there I kind of like to use 536 00:23:10,010 --> 00:23:08,190 an analogy where I pray you know you can 537 00:23:13,640 --> 00:23:10,020 pretend like if if someone asks you okay 538 00:23:15,530 --> 00:23:13,650 it's stormy outside and you want to play 539 00:23:17,480 --> 00:23:15,540 a game capture is you have these all 540 00:23:19,070 --> 00:23:17,490 these buckets capture as much rain as 541 00:23:21,200 --> 00:23:19,080 you can what would you do 542 00:23:22,549 --> 00:23:21,210 okay you could try to get one big bucket 543 00:23:25,850 --> 00:23:22,559 or you could try to get a bunch of 544 00:23:27,710 --> 00:23:25,860 smaller buckets right telescopes are 545 00:23:29,360 --> 00:23:27,720 like big light collecting buckets okay 546 00:23:31,400 --> 00:23:29,370 they collect all those raindrops but we 547 00:23:33,440 --> 00:23:31,410 still need to count those raindrops the 548 00:23:35,990 --> 00:23:33,450 CCD detectors does that for us 549 00:23:38,240 --> 00:23:36,000 see CDs are basically have these little 550 00:23:40,730 --> 00:23:38,250 little little buckets in themselves 551 00:23:42,409 --> 00:23:40,740 these little pixels and a photon of 552 00:23:44,419 --> 00:23:42,419 light will hit that particular pixel and 553 00:23:47,000 --> 00:23:44,429 release electrons and we can count those 554 00:23:49,250 --> 00:23:47,010 electrons so it's like it's like a grid 555 00:23:51,530 --> 00:23:49,260 of little traps that basically collect 556 00:23:54,530 --> 00:23:51,540 the pixels and you get images like you 557 00:23:57,590 --> 00:23:54,540 see on the right so this detector here 558 00:24:00,799 --> 00:23:57,600 is the ACS detector that's on Hubble 559 00:24:02,180 --> 00:24:00,809 it's over 10 years now and it captured 560 00:24:06,529 --> 00:24:02,190 that image on the right of the world 561 00:24:09,169 --> 00:24:06,539 whole galaxy now the ACS detector is 16 562 00:24:11,960 --> 00:24:09,179 megapixels 16 million pixels in that 563 00:24:13,220 --> 00:24:11,970 detector which is quite amazing given it 564 00:24:15,799 --> 00:24:13,230 was over 10 years ago that it was 565 00:24:18,289 --> 00:24:15,809 launched on Hubble of course now you can 566 00:24:19,879 --> 00:24:18,299 buy a camera a digital camera that has 567 00:24:23,450 --> 00:24:19,889 twice that if you want to spend the 568 00:24:25,460 --> 00:24:23,460 money our phones are getting to the 569 00:24:29,509 --> 00:24:25,470 point where they're getting not too far 570 00:24:32,960 --> 00:24:29,519 from this 8 10 12 megapixels okay so 571 00:24:34,940 --> 00:24:32,970 this is an amazing instrument but the 572 00:24:37,549 --> 00:24:34,950 toolkit if we want to do more we have to 573 00:24:40,960 --> 00:24:37,559 do better we have to expand our tools so 574 00:24:43,669 --> 00:24:40,970 we have these C CDs these digital tools 575 00:24:45,980 --> 00:24:43,679 what can we do well here is I like to 576 00:24:48,259 --> 00:24:45,990 think one of the best examples of what 577 00:24:53,299 --> 00:24:48,269 we can do currently with our detectors 578 00:24:55,190 --> 00:24:53,309 this is another ACS the the ACS is that 579 00:24:57,080 --> 00:24:55,200 camera I showed you that it stands for 580 00:25:01,669 --> 00:24:57,090 advanced camera for surveys it's on the 581 00:25:03,499 --> 00:25:01,679 Hubble Space Telescope this is over 400 582 00:25:08,419 --> 00:25:03,509 pointings of the Hubble Space Telescope 583 00:25:11,090 --> 00:25:08,429 to make this image this mosaic of our 584 00:25:13,669 --> 00:25:11,100 nearby Andromeda galaxy and this doesn't 585 00:25:16,399 --> 00:25:13,679 do it justice you if you actually 586 00:25:17,810 --> 00:25:16,409 download the full image and you can do 587 00:25:20,029 --> 00:25:17,820 this on you can do this online if you 588 00:25:21,919 --> 00:25:20,039 download the full image there's over a 589 00:25:24,590 --> 00:25:21,929 hundred million stars that you can make 590 00:25:26,090 --> 00:25:24,600 out in this image okay this is only 591 00:25:28,399 --> 00:25:26,100 about a third of the Andromeda galaxy 592 00:25:30,409 --> 00:25:28,409 our nearby galaxies right so this is 593 00:25:33,830 --> 00:25:30,419 taking our detector technology and 594 00:25:36,320 --> 00:25:33,840 stepping across this galaxy and putting 595 00:25:38,600 --> 00:25:36,330 it together and and I should I should 596 00:25:40,549 --> 00:25:38,610 also mention that along with detectors 597 00:25:44,840 --> 00:25:40,559 our space telescopes have filters on 598 00:25:46,820 --> 00:25:44,850 them okay now if you want to study an 599 00:25:48,710 --> 00:25:46,830 object across all the colors you might 600 00:25:50,480 --> 00:25:48,720 you you might want to use filters to 601 00:25:51,830 --> 00:25:50,490 just study one color at a time and 602 00:25:53,930 --> 00:25:51,840 that's what Hubble has and all these 603 00:25:56,629 --> 00:25:53,940 telescopes have these filters so to make 604 00:25:58,639 --> 00:25:56,639 this image it used multiple filters it 605 00:26:01,580 --> 00:25:58,649 and that it had you know essentially red 606 00:26:03,830 --> 00:26:01,590 green blue filters essentially and and 607 00:26:06,049 --> 00:26:03,840 then you can study them individually to 608 00:26:08,389 --> 00:26:06,059 see where the blue objects are which 609 00:26:10,879 --> 00:26:08,399 tend to be in this case new forming 610 00:26:13,639 --> 00:26:10,889 stars the red tends to be indications of 611 00:26:15,310 --> 00:26:13,649 older stars you might find dust the best 612 00:26:17,340 --> 00:26:15,320 thing in the universe 613 00:26:19,960 --> 00:26:17,350 but when you have the different filters 614 00:26:22,270 --> 00:26:19,970 right then you can study the pieces of 615 00:26:25,330 --> 00:26:22,280 the galaxy so filters in combination 616 00:26:27,190 --> 00:26:25,340 with these digital detectors allow us to 617 00:26:29,290 --> 00:26:27,200 study galaxies in greater detail than 618 00:26:30,880 --> 00:26:29,300 we've ever been able to do before so 619 00:26:33,670 --> 00:26:30,890 we're able to piece together essentially 620 00:26:35,950 --> 00:26:33,680 the history of our closest neighbor a 621 00:26:39,160 --> 00:26:35,960 big galaxy our closest big galaxy 622 00:26:40,750 --> 00:26:39,170 neighbor the Andromeda galaxy and so 623 00:26:42,760 --> 00:26:40,760 it's an amazing but let's do better and 624 00:26:43,750 --> 00:26:42,770 we're going to do better in the 625 00:26:47,410 --> 00:26:43,760 mid-2020s 626 00:26:50,920 --> 00:26:47,420 when w first launches okay w first is 627 00:26:54,610 --> 00:26:50,930 the wide field imaging Survey telescope 628 00:26:58,270 --> 00:26:54,620 and well I'm sorry wide field Infrared 629 00:27:00,850 --> 00:26:58,280 Survey telescope and it's imaging is 630 00:27:05,740 --> 00:27:00,860 going to be amazing so here again is 631 00:27:08,050 --> 00:27:05,750 this 411 pointings of Hubble this this 632 00:27:10,750 --> 00:27:08,060 is by the way a ground-based image of 633 00:27:13,680 --> 00:27:10,760 the Andromeda galaxy and then overlaid 634 00:27:17,740 --> 00:27:13,690 is the Hubble 411 much higher resolution 635 00:27:20,650 --> 00:27:17,750 okay and then here is the footprint of 636 00:27:22,630 --> 00:27:20,660 the detector on the W first telescope 637 00:27:25,240 --> 00:27:22,640 the wide field imager over a hundred 638 00:27:27,730 --> 00:27:25,250 times the field of view the same quality 639 00:27:32,350 --> 00:27:27,740 level of data as the Hubble okay 640 00:27:34,860 --> 00:27:32,360 so instead of instead of 16 megapixels 641 00:27:38,620 --> 00:27:34,870 we're talking like 288 megapixels camera 642 00:27:41,440 --> 00:27:38,630 okay so we're really gonna get big 643 00:27:45,460 --> 00:27:41,450 images of the sky with this - with this 644 00:27:47,590 --> 00:27:45,470 telescope okay so our toolkit is always 645 00:27:48,820 --> 00:27:47,600 increasing but I need to put a caveat 646 00:27:50,500 --> 00:27:48,830 that the reason that the toolkit is 647 00:27:52,720 --> 00:27:50,510 increasing or the reason why we're 648 00:27:55,080 --> 00:27:52,730 making our tools better is not because 649 00:27:58,630 --> 00:27:55,090 we can but it's because each generation 650 00:28:02,080 --> 00:27:58,640 of telescope or instrument before has 651 00:28:03,670 --> 00:28:02,090 given us mysteries that then dictate the 652 00:28:05,560 --> 00:28:03,680 kind of technology we need to solve 653 00:28:08,560 --> 00:28:05,570 those mysteries it's a never-ending 654 00:28:11,620 --> 00:28:08,570 science is a never-ending exploration so 655 00:28:13,450 --> 00:28:11,630 Hubble and other telescopes have have 656 00:28:15,010 --> 00:28:13,460 discovered amazing things but I've also 657 00:28:17,860 --> 00:28:15,020 to have also led us with a lot of 658 00:28:19,210 --> 00:28:17,870 mysteries and W first is going to be one 659 00:28:21,730 --> 00:28:19,220 of those missions that's really designed 660 00:28:23,800 --> 00:28:21,740 to understand some of those mysteries in 661 00:28:28,210 --> 00:28:23,810 particular I should mention the mystery 662 00:28:32,740 --> 00:28:31,269 alright this is one of those little 663 00:28:35,619 --> 00:28:32,750 places where I just wanted to take a 664 00:28:38,830 --> 00:28:35,629 quick break and let me see if you can 665 00:28:41,139 --> 00:28:38,840 see this and do an interactive I wanted 666 00:28:43,360 --> 00:28:41,149 to point you to a resource 667 00:28:50,560 --> 00:28:43,370 it's called Hubbell site I mean it's 668 00:28:53,049 --> 00:28:50,570 called view space let me see ok all 669 00:28:55,899 --> 00:28:53,059 right close that alright so on view 670 00:28:58,169 --> 00:28:55,909 space what you can do is you can go and 671 00:29:00,879 --> 00:28:58,179 you can actually look at these images 672 00:29:02,440 --> 00:29:00,889 alright so you can go here and you can 673 00:29:03,610 --> 00:29:02,450 on the front page there's the whirlpool 674 00:29:05,190 --> 00:29:03,620 which I show I think this is the 675 00:29:07,840 --> 00:29:05,200 whirlpool or it's the pinwheel on kintel 676 00:29:09,759 --> 00:29:07,850 which you can you saw an image earlier 677 00:29:11,919 --> 00:29:09,769 if it's the whirlpool you can slide it 678 00:29:15,639 --> 00:29:11,929 across and these are the actual 679 00:29:17,919 --> 00:29:15,649 astronomical images ok this is x-ray and 680 00:29:19,869 --> 00:29:17,929 visible but let's do better this is all 681 00:29:22,269 --> 00:29:19,879 free by the way this new space if you go 682 00:29:25,180 --> 00:29:22,279 to the Interactive's here's an 683 00:29:26,590 --> 00:29:25,190 interactive of what the world a cartoon 684 00:29:32,799 --> 00:29:26,600 of what the world looks like in visible 685 00:29:35,529 --> 00:29:32,809 light infrared radio microwave you can 686 00:29:40,060 --> 00:29:35,539 see there are different sources for each 687 00:29:41,950 --> 00:29:40,070 of these ultraviolet x-ray and gamma ray 688 00:29:44,169 --> 00:29:41,960 I also want to point out that there's 689 00:29:47,019 --> 00:29:44,179 labels here so you can turn on and see 690 00:29:48,879 --> 00:29:47,029 what things are this is a nice thing to 691 00:29:52,299 --> 00:29:48,889 show off if you want to do a quick 692 00:29:53,470 --> 00:29:52,309 demonstration but let's do star 693 00:29:57,539 --> 00:29:53,480 formation because it has lots of 694 00:29:59,769 --> 00:29:57,549 beautiful dust so here is visible right 695 00:30:01,269 --> 00:29:59,779 this gets you an idea of the power of 696 00:30:03,580 --> 00:30:01,279 multi-wavelength astronomy and the 697 00:30:05,980 --> 00:30:03,590 detectors on all of our telescopes so 698 00:30:08,200 --> 00:30:05,990 this is a visible light with Hubble if 699 00:30:09,580 --> 00:30:08,210 you scroll over to near-infrared this is 700 00:30:11,919 --> 00:30:09,590 what Hubble looks like it has near 701 00:30:14,289 --> 00:30:11,929 infrared capability and you can actually 702 00:30:17,619 --> 00:30:14,299 see inside those dust pillars and you 703 00:30:19,769 --> 00:30:17,629 can see stars being born in the dust if 704 00:30:24,450 --> 00:30:19,779 you go to the further into the infrared 705 00:30:27,490 --> 00:30:24,460 that dust actually starts to glow ok and 706 00:30:29,769 --> 00:30:27,500 the I believe this is Herschel Space 707 00:30:31,360 --> 00:30:29,779 Telescope with this image the dust 708 00:30:33,940 --> 00:30:31,370 starts to glow because the dust is being 709 00:30:35,379 --> 00:30:33,950 heated by stars so the dust is glowing 710 00:30:39,430 --> 00:30:35,389 there you go in the other direction you 711 00:30:42,220 --> 00:30:39,440 go to x-ray what you find are the hot 712 00:30:44,890 --> 00:30:42,230 stars that are carving away at that dust 713 00:30:47,980 --> 00:30:44,900 so that if you've recognized this image 714 00:30:49,660 --> 00:30:47,990 here invisible we we typically sometimes 715 00:30:52,300 --> 00:30:49,670 it's the Eagle Nebula we sometimes call 716 00:30:55,240 --> 00:30:52,310 these the pillars of creation they're 717 00:30:57,970 --> 00:30:55,250 not going to be there forever in fact 718 00:30:59,530 --> 00:30:57,980 they're being constantly eroded by the 719 00:31:01,090 --> 00:30:59,540 hot young stars that were born from that 720 00:31:05,080 --> 00:31:01,100 nebula that are releasing all that 721 00:31:07,150 --> 00:31:05,090 ionizing flux and eroding it away and so 722 00:31:08,410 --> 00:31:07,160 you can see that in x-ray and then 723 00:31:10,900 --> 00:31:08,420 there's a nice multi-wavelength where 724 00:31:14,140 --> 00:31:10,910 you can put the x-ray visible and 725 00:31:15,700 --> 00:31:14,150 Infrared together okay so there's a lot 726 00:31:18,600 --> 00:31:15,710 of lot of things you can explore in view 727 00:31:24,970 --> 00:31:18,610 space I encourage you to to check it out 728 00:31:27,640 --> 00:31:24,980 let's go back to the slide but this is 729 00:31:30,280 --> 00:31:27,650 this is another one I wanted to show you 730 00:31:32,230 --> 00:31:30,290 this is another interactive I told you 731 00:31:34,420 --> 00:31:32,240 there would be interactive even though 732 00:31:37,330 --> 00:31:34,430 it's really me just interacting but you 733 00:31:38,290 --> 00:31:37,340 know I should have we should have said 734 00:31:41,410 --> 00:31:38,300 you know bring your and bring your 735 00:31:42,970 --> 00:31:41,420 computers but this is all online as well 736 00:31:44,200 --> 00:31:42,980 so if you see this and you want to go on 737 00:31:46,600 --> 00:31:44,210 and explore with this or you want to 738 00:31:47,860 --> 00:31:46,610 share it with others please do I want to 739 00:31:49,570 --> 00:31:47,870 show you a really cool thing that we 740 00:31:52,600 --> 00:31:49,580 just started doing it's called NASA's 741 00:31:55,060 --> 00:31:52,610 asteroid oach Allen jiz basically what 742 00:31:56,590 --> 00:31:55,070 we do is we allow we have it in the 743 00:31:57,640 --> 00:31:56,600 summer which we just finished we'll have 744 00:31:59,110 --> 00:31:57,650 another one in the winter and then 745 00:32:02,410 --> 00:31:59,120 another one in the summer and so on and 746 00:32:04,420 --> 00:32:02,420 what we do is we provide users the we 747 00:32:05,560 --> 00:32:04,430 provide anyone the ability with just 748 00:32:07,780 --> 00:32:05,570 their computer and an internet 749 00:32:09,490 --> 00:32:07,790 connection to go on and to use 750 00:32:12,280 --> 00:32:09,500 ground-based telescopes to take their 751 00:32:15,760 --> 00:32:12,290 own images and we provide the free 752 00:32:16,900 --> 00:32:15,770 online software with tutorials it's it's 753 00:32:19,510 --> 00:32:16,910 relatively simple and I'll walk through 754 00:32:21,430 --> 00:32:19,520 an example of it here for you to put 755 00:32:24,610 --> 00:32:21,440 together your own astronomical images 756 00:32:27,550 --> 00:32:24,620 Astro photography if you will okay we 757 00:32:29,470 --> 00:32:27,560 also provide the NASA datum it much of 758 00:32:31,720 --> 00:32:29,480 the NASA data for those objects so you 759 00:32:32,950 --> 00:32:31,730 can make you see those beautiful you 760 00:32:33,940 --> 00:32:32,960 know Frank is always up here at the 761 00:32:36,550 --> 00:32:33,950 beginning of every public lecture 762 00:32:38,140 --> 00:32:36,560 showing you those beautiful releases 763 00:32:40,480 --> 00:32:38,150 that we provide that that Space 764 00:32:41,770 --> 00:32:40,490 Telescope produces or NASA produces you 765 00:32:45,130 --> 00:32:41,780 can create your own version of those 766 00:32:46,570 --> 00:32:45,140 same objects with the same data so let 767 00:32:50,140 --> 00:32:46,580 me show you what that looks like real 768 00:32:50,800 --> 00:32:50,150 quick so if you go to ask for photo 769 00:32:53,620 --> 00:32:50,810 challenge 770 00:32:55,180 --> 00:32:53,630 let's I'm just going to show you okay so 771 00:32:55,900 --> 00:32:55,190 if you go to micro Observatory that's 772 00:32:57,670 --> 00:32:55,910 the robotic tell 773 00:32:59,590 --> 00:32:57,680 scope you can observe the object and do 774 00:33:02,080 --> 00:32:59,600 it yourself but let's just go to the 775 00:33:06,040 --> 00:33:02,090 NASA data one and I just want to show 776 00:33:07,870 --> 00:33:06,050 you how it works so and there's there's 777 00:33:09,850 --> 00:33:07,880 a step-by-step guide but basically what 778 00:33:12,880 --> 00:33:09,860 you do is you open up this tool this is 779 00:33:14,680 --> 00:33:12,890 us this is a pared down version of the 780 00:33:17,080 --> 00:33:14,690 same tool that astronomers use for their 781 00:33:18,910 --> 00:33:17,090 research by the way okay 782 00:33:21,760 --> 00:33:18,920 we paired it down though and what you 783 00:33:24,510 --> 00:33:21,770 can do is on this tool you go over to 784 00:33:28,630 --> 00:33:24,520 images and you say okay I really want 785 00:33:29,860 --> 00:33:28,640 the Chandra x-ray of the Whirlpool 786 00:33:32,710 --> 00:33:29,870 Galaxy okay 787 00:33:35,350 --> 00:33:32,720 it puts it up there alright it doesn't 788 00:33:37,750 --> 00:33:35,360 seem like much but if you step through 789 00:33:40,000 --> 00:33:37,760 it there will be a hint that this is in 790 00:33:42,040 --> 00:33:40,010 a linear scale of brightness and for 791 00:33:44,970 --> 00:33:42,050 astronomical images it tends to help to 792 00:33:47,290 --> 00:33:44,980 put it in a log scale there we go 793 00:33:51,640 --> 00:33:47,300 you can mess with the controls on the 794 00:33:53,560 --> 00:33:51,650 side until you can see it better so you 795 00:33:55,990 --> 00:33:53,570 can kind of see it there you can add 796 00:33:58,510 --> 00:33:56,000 color to it so I want I want x-ray 797 00:34:01,840 --> 00:33:58,520 high-energy I want it to be blue so I'm 798 00:34:05,010 --> 00:34:01,850 going to color it blue and I want to go 799 00:34:10,240 --> 00:34:05,020 to click this RGB mode again it is all 800 00:34:13,360 --> 00:34:10,250 all on on the tutorial so you can do it 801 00:34:14,500 --> 00:34:13,370 all right now let's let's do Spitzer 802 00:34:17,230 --> 00:34:14,510 let's look at the dust because that's 803 00:34:18,070 --> 00:34:17,240 what we're really interested in yeah all 804 00:34:21,040 --> 00:34:18,080 right 805 00:34:24,190 --> 00:34:21,050 again do log you can look at the dust 806 00:34:25,630 --> 00:34:24,200 I'm gonna go ahead and color that red by 807 00:34:27,130 --> 00:34:25,640 the way I'm doing the typical color 808 00:34:29,080 --> 00:34:27,140 scheme that astronomers would use where 809 00:34:31,270 --> 00:34:29,090 high energy as blue low energy is red 810 00:34:34,570 --> 00:34:31,280 but in you can do any color scheme you 811 00:34:35,980 --> 00:34:34,580 want it's all up to you all right and 812 00:34:42,490 --> 00:34:35,990 then we're gonna do a Hubble let's do a 813 00:34:51,600 --> 00:34:42,500 Hubble green and we will color it green 814 00:34:59,740 --> 00:34:55,419 alright so there's a Hubble green let me 815 00:35:03,190 --> 00:34:59,750 see here there we go and then you can 816 00:35:05,170 --> 00:35:03,200 combine them together and you get this 817 00:35:09,280 --> 00:35:05,180 and let me zoom out so you can see the 818 00:35:12,490 --> 00:35:09,290 whole thing you get this beautiful now 819 00:35:13,750 --> 00:35:12,500 in this the red this and at this it 820 00:35:15,790 --> 00:35:13,760 explains there's videos here on what 821 00:35:17,590 --> 00:35:15,800 these colors actually mean but the red 822 00:35:21,280 --> 00:35:17,600 is the dust okay 823 00:35:23,650 --> 00:35:21,290 that's being heated by stars okay and 824 00:35:25,780 --> 00:35:23,660 that's the Spitzer infrared the blue is 825 00:35:28,350 --> 00:35:25,790 the high-energy stuff that's coming from 826 00:35:32,440 --> 00:35:28,360 high energy sources like black holes or 827 00:35:34,150 --> 00:35:32,450 neutron stars okay that's what blue is 828 00:35:35,650 --> 00:35:34,160 and then green which unfortunately 829 00:35:37,510 --> 00:35:35,660 didn't looks like it didn't come through 830 00:35:40,180 --> 00:35:37,520 very much on here but Green from Hubble 831 00:35:43,210 --> 00:35:40,190 would be the typical stellar population 832 00:35:44,680 --> 00:35:43,220 the normal stars okay and so there's 833 00:35:46,420 --> 00:35:44,690 other there's other wavelengths in here 834 00:35:48,190 --> 00:35:46,430 you can mess with but it's a fun way of 835 00:35:50,500 --> 00:35:48,200 just getting into the astrophotography 836 00:35:55,990 --> 00:35:50,510 and I should mention that I talked about 837 00:35:57,790 --> 00:35:56,000 how these detectors are pixelated right 838 00:35:59,200 --> 00:35:57,800 there actually pixels if you zoom in far 839 00:36:03,520 --> 00:35:59,210 enough you can start to see the pixels 840 00:36:06,880 --> 00:36:03,530 of the image okay right alright so that 841 00:36:08,230 --> 00:36:06,890 is that is what we call a NASA's 842 00:36:12,780 --> 00:36:08,240 astrophotography challenge and we're 843 00:36:15,870 --> 00:36:12,790 coming up with a nice image in the and 844 00:36:19,090 --> 00:36:15,880 for the winter I also want to show you 845 00:36:20,380 --> 00:36:19,100 we have we have images from astronomer 846 00:36:21,790 --> 00:36:20,390 or we have videos from astronomers 847 00:36:24,610 --> 00:36:21,800 explaining what the different types of 848 00:36:26,230 --> 00:36:24,620 light tell you and then I also want to 849 00:36:28,410 --> 00:36:26,240 show you that from the summer challenge 850 00:36:31,030 --> 00:36:28,420 for the Whirlpool Galaxy we also 851 00:36:34,240 --> 00:36:31,040 highlight some really standout entries 852 00:36:36,670 --> 00:36:34,250 okay we highlight standout entries and 853 00:36:39,280 --> 00:36:36,680 scientists actually provide commentary 854 00:36:42,550 --> 00:36:39,290 on why they're so beautiful so if you 855 00:36:44,380 --> 00:36:42,560 also want yourself or anyone you know to 856 00:36:46,060 --> 00:36:44,390 take part in this will be doing it 857 00:36:47,980 --> 00:36:46,070 through December through January in the 858 00:36:50,620 --> 00:36:47,990 winter you can make your own beautiful 859 00:36:52,840 --> 00:36:50,630 images you can submit it and we'll 860 00:36:53,920 --> 00:36:52,850 highlight the standout entries and it's 861 00:36:57,850 --> 00:36:53,930 something that you can show off to 862 00:37:00,940 --> 00:36:57,860 others okay so this is sort of the this 863 00:37:02,200 --> 00:37:00,950 is a very similar process to how 864 00:37:04,750 --> 00:37:02,210 astronomers put together basically 865 00:37:08,079 --> 00:37:04,760 images and I believe Joe de Pasquale 866 00:37:09,880 --> 00:37:08,089 he had a talk a few months ago so it was 867 00:37:13,270 --> 00:37:09,890 probably along these lines about how he 868 00:37:19,240 --> 00:37:13,280 puts his images together yeah all right 869 00:37:24,430 --> 00:37:19,250 okay all right let's go ahead and move 870 00:37:26,130 --> 00:37:24,440 along here all right all right I want to 871 00:37:30,609 --> 00:37:26,140 talk a little bit about photometry now 872 00:37:31,900 --> 00:37:30,619 all right so with the digital detectors 873 00:37:33,849 --> 00:37:31,910 it's possible to do what's called 874 00:37:36,880 --> 00:37:33,859 photometry which basically is just 875 00:37:40,390 --> 00:37:36,890 counting the photons counting how many 876 00:37:41,920 --> 00:37:40,400 photons hit the detector and this is a 877 00:37:45,310 --> 00:37:41,930 tool and a technique that has been 878 00:37:47,620 --> 00:37:45,320 incredibly important in astronomy I'm 879 00:37:49,870 --> 00:37:47,630 highlighting Henrietta Leavitt here she 880 00:37:53,560 --> 00:37:49,880 did groundbreaking research on this at 881 00:37:56,680 --> 00:37:53,570 Harvard in fact they named a law after 882 00:37:59,620 --> 00:37:56,690 her Levitz law she this is a paper from 883 00:38:01,240 --> 00:37:59,630 1912 that she produced this was this is 884 00:38:02,950 --> 00:38:01,250 basically looking at those variable 885 00:38:05,560 --> 00:38:02,960 stars which I talked about earlier stars 886 00:38:10,839 --> 00:38:05,570 that vary in the night and what she 887 00:38:14,380 --> 00:38:10,849 noticed is that the if you look at a 888 00:38:15,670 --> 00:38:14,390 star's period how much it brightens and 889 00:38:17,440 --> 00:38:15,680 fades and brightens and fades for 890 00:38:20,800 --> 00:38:17,450 certain kinds of stars if you look at 891 00:38:23,680 --> 00:38:20,810 that period and you also measure the 892 00:38:26,020 --> 00:38:23,690 brightness changes okay there's a 893 00:38:28,809 --> 00:38:26,030 relationship there and that's very 894 00:38:31,089 --> 00:38:28,819 important because this was really the 895 00:38:35,079 --> 00:38:31,099 first what we call standard candle for 896 00:38:36,940 --> 00:38:35,089 astronomy which means that if we can 897 00:38:38,470 --> 00:38:36,950 measure the period which is a pretty 898 00:38:40,839 --> 00:38:38,480 simple measurement you just measure the 899 00:38:41,920 --> 00:38:40,849 period of a star going getting brighter 900 00:38:44,200 --> 00:38:41,930 and fainter if you can measure that 901 00:38:46,750 --> 00:38:44,210 period you can just use this chart to 902 00:38:49,200 --> 00:38:46,760 calculate how bright it really is its 903 00:38:51,700 --> 00:38:49,210 intrinsic luminosity how bright it is 904 00:38:53,380 --> 00:38:51,710 right that's like if someone handed you 905 00:38:54,849 --> 00:38:53,390 a light bulb and you didn't know how 906 00:38:55,180 --> 00:38:54,859 bright it was and they told you it's 60 907 00:38:57,130 --> 00:38:55,190 watts 908 00:38:59,829 --> 00:38:57,140 okay well now you know something right 909 00:39:02,230 --> 00:38:59,839 so we know we now know these are called 910 00:39:03,640 --> 00:39:02,240 Cepheid variables we now know how bright 911 00:39:05,650 --> 00:39:03,650 they can be if we look at their periods 912 00:39:11,069 --> 00:39:05,660 this is an incredibly important 913 00:39:13,960 --> 00:39:11,079 discovery and here's why at the time and 914 00:39:18,430 --> 00:39:13,970 you know the late you know I'm sorry 915 00:39:20,710 --> 00:39:18,440 around night between 1919 12 to 19 916 00:39:22,540 --> 00:39:20,720 20 or so there is this there is this in 917 00:39:25,420 --> 00:39:22,550 even earlier there's this big debate an 918 00:39:28,870 --> 00:39:25,430 astronomy about these nebulae that they 919 00:39:30,370 --> 00:39:28,880 saw in the universe were they inside of 920 00:39:31,780 --> 00:39:30,380 our own Milky Way galaxy or did they 921 00:39:34,859 --> 00:39:31,790 exist outside of our Milky Way galaxy 922 00:39:37,480 --> 00:39:34,869 this is called the great debate okay and 923 00:39:39,520 --> 00:39:37,490 the great debate was actually was an 924 00:39:42,430 --> 00:39:39,530 actual essentially a debate that was 925 00:39:45,280 --> 00:39:42,440 held in nineteen in 1920 almost a 926 00:39:46,540 --> 00:39:45,290 hundred years ago and there was people 927 00:39:47,859 --> 00:39:46,550 you know there were two astronomers 928 00:39:49,960 --> 00:39:47,869 going back and forth and they couldn't 929 00:39:52,450 --> 00:39:49,970 resolve it but lo and behold Edwin 930 00:39:57,010 --> 00:39:52,460 Hubble using Henrietta Leavitt Stu 931 00:40:00,490 --> 00:39:57,020 scurry of being able to calculate the 932 00:40:03,760 --> 00:40:00,500 brightness of a Cepheid variable took 933 00:40:05,710 --> 00:40:03,770 observations of a Cepheid variable from 934 00:40:08,109 --> 00:40:05,720 and around the andromeda nebula he 935 00:40:10,809 --> 00:40:08,119 called it Andromeda nebula which we now 936 00:40:13,059 --> 00:40:10,819 know to be the Andromeda galaxy and he 937 00:40:15,490 --> 00:40:13,069 calculated its intrinsic brightness and 938 00:40:17,680 --> 00:40:15,500 if you know if you know how bright it 939 00:40:20,260 --> 00:40:17,690 should be and you know how bright it 940 00:40:23,410 --> 00:40:20,270 appears to you you know how far away it 941 00:40:25,450 --> 00:40:23,420 is okay and he was able to determine 942 00:40:27,579 --> 00:40:25,460 that Andromeda was actually way outside 943 00:40:29,290 --> 00:40:27,589 of our galaxy and that broke the great 944 00:40:31,120 --> 00:40:29,300 debate that basically answered it to us 945 00:40:34,329 --> 00:40:31,130 where the Milky Way wasn't the entire 946 00:40:37,150 --> 00:40:34,339 universe all these galaxies were outside 947 00:40:38,680 --> 00:40:37,160 of our universe I mean outside of our 948 00:40:40,089 --> 00:40:38,690 galaxy all these other galaxies were 949 00:40:42,910 --> 00:40:40,099 outside of our own galaxy the universe 950 00:40:49,450 --> 00:40:42,920 was a much bigger place than we had 951 00:40:52,329 --> 00:40:49,460 thought before all right so today what 952 00:40:54,910 --> 00:40:52,339 does that mean well we're still using 953 00:40:57,309 --> 00:40:54,920 this tool this technique we're still 954 00:40:58,900 --> 00:40:57,319 using this photometer E and watching 955 00:41:00,930 --> 00:40:58,910 these variable stars and in fact you may 956 00:41:05,140 --> 00:41:00,940 have heard a lot of press over the last 957 00:41:07,450 --> 00:41:05,150 six months or so over this new debate 958 00:41:12,099 --> 00:41:07,460 over the Hubble constant the expansion 959 00:41:14,859 --> 00:41:12,109 of the universe okay and so this using 960 00:41:15,569 --> 00:41:14,869 this tool and technique astronomers 961 00:41:18,609 --> 00:41:15,579 using the Hubble Space Telescope 962 00:41:20,290 --> 00:41:18,619 observed a lot of Cepheid variables 963 00:41:22,930 --> 00:41:20,300 which this is supposed to represent a 964 00:41:23,770 --> 00:41:22,940 blow-up of Cepheid variables around the 965 00:41:25,569 --> 00:41:23,780 Magellanic Clouds 966 00:41:31,000 --> 00:41:25,579 and they observe these Cepheid variables 967 00:41:32,320 --> 00:41:31,010 and they came to a very they observe the 968 00:41:33,790 --> 00:41:32,330 Cepheid variables and they it was a 969 00:41:37,330 --> 00:41:33,800 they were Alette they are able to come 970 00:41:40,510 --> 00:41:37,340 up to a very good estimation of how fast 971 00:41:43,150 --> 00:41:40,520 the universe is expanding by looking at 972 00:41:44,920 --> 00:41:43,160 those Cepheid variables okay okay so 973 00:41:48,130 --> 00:41:44,930 these are a standard candle and you can 974 00:41:49,420 --> 00:41:48,140 use them you can use them as a distance 975 00:41:51,670 --> 00:41:49,430 ladder to understand how fast the 976 00:41:55,090 --> 00:41:51,680 universe is expanding with time the 977 00:41:58,660 --> 00:41:55,100 problem is is that it it significantly 978 00:42:00,220 --> 00:41:58,670 defers from the result of another space 979 00:42:02,260 --> 00:42:00,230 telescope called Planck that looks at 980 00:42:04,930 --> 00:42:02,270 the early universe looks at the 981 00:42:06,670 --> 00:42:04,940 conditions of the early universe you 982 00:42:09,340 --> 00:42:06,680 know twelve thirteen billion years ago 983 00:42:11,470 --> 00:42:09,350 on we think we understand the physics 984 00:42:13,780 --> 00:42:11,480 form since then if you just play the 985 00:42:16,540 --> 00:42:13,790 movie forward the expansion rate at the 986 00:42:19,060 --> 00:42:16,550 current time should be x but they but it 987 00:42:20,650 --> 00:42:19,070 that they're x doesn't match their value 988 00:42:22,570 --> 00:42:20,660 basically there's a discrepancy between 989 00:42:24,010 --> 00:42:22,580 what they think the expansion rate of 990 00:42:26,710 --> 00:42:24,020 the universe is right now and what it 991 00:42:29,020 --> 00:42:26,720 currently is and this is turning out to 992 00:42:31,060 --> 00:42:29,030 be actually a modern-day debate that's 993 00:42:32,710 --> 00:42:31,070 turning into a big thing because they've 994 00:42:36,610 --> 00:42:32,720 gotten their airs down quite small and 995 00:42:39,850 --> 00:42:36,620 they think that there may be new physics 996 00:42:41,560 --> 00:42:39,860 here okay so I want to point this out to 997 00:42:43,930 --> 00:42:41,570 you because these tools and techniques 998 00:42:46,960 --> 00:42:43,940 that were you know first really started 999 00:42:49,810 --> 00:42:46,970 from Henrietta Leavitt and the computers 1000 00:42:51,820 --> 00:42:49,820 at Harvard back in the early 1900s 1001 00:42:54,370 --> 00:42:51,830 those techniques are still being 1002 00:42:56,380 --> 00:42:54,380 perfected and used today to find new 1003 00:43:00,130 --> 00:42:56,390 clues to the to the physics of our 1004 00:43:01,990 --> 00:43:00,140 universe in the present day of course 1005 00:43:03,010 --> 00:43:02,000 now we have Hubble's so so that that's a 1006 00:43:07,120 --> 00:43:03,020 big help 1007 00:43:09,550 --> 00:43:07,130 all right okay this idea of photometry 1008 00:43:14,470 --> 00:43:09,560 is also used to find alien worlds around 1009 00:43:18,400 --> 00:43:14,480 other stars exoplanets okay so you can 1010 00:43:20,320 --> 00:43:18,410 use this same technique let me see where 1011 00:43:22,650 --> 00:43:20,330 you this is what the Kepler space 1012 00:43:26,230 --> 00:43:22,660 telescope did Kepler was launched in 1013 00:43:28,240 --> 00:43:26,240 2009 I believe and it stared at a blank 1014 00:43:30,400 --> 00:43:28,250 patch of sky or not a blank it stared at 1015 00:43:31,990 --> 00:43:30,410 this patch of sky definitely not blank 1016 00:43:33,940 --> 00:43:32,000 there's a lot of stars in this patch of 1017 00:43:36,610 --> 00:43:33,950 sky but it stared at it for many years 1018 00:43:38,860 --> 00:43:36,620 and it just looked for the dimming of 1019 00:43:41,050 --> 00:43:38,870 basically the photometry at the dimming 1020 00:43:43,390 --> 00:43:41,060 of the star over of all those stars over 1021 00:43:45,820 --> 00:43:43,400 time and it looked at about a hundred 1022 00:43:46,210 --> 00:43:45,830 and fifty thousand stars looked for the 1023 00:43:50,830 --> 00:43:46,220 dimming 1024 00:43:52,030 --> 00:43:50,840 repeating they could use they could 1025 00:43:54,220 --> 00:43:52,040 infer that there perhaps there is a 1026 00:43:57,250 --> 00:43:54,230 planet going around the star and in our 1027 00:43:59,140 --> 00:43:57,260 line of sight blocking that star okay so 1028 00:44:00,970 --> 00:43:59,150 this is called the transit technique but 1029 00:44:02,890 --> 00:44:00,980 really it's basically photometry it's 1030 00:44:05,050 --> 00:44:02,900 basically just measuring how the Stars 1031 00:44:07,420 --> 00:44:05,060 dim with time and brighten with time 1032 00:44:08,980 --> 00:44:07,430 although in this case it's not because 1033 00:44:10,870 --> 00:44:08,990 unlike the Cepheid variable where the 1034 00:44:12,730 --> 00:44:10,880 star itself was physically dimming and 1035 00:44:14,800 --> 00:44:12,740 brightening in this case it's because 1036 00:44:18,370 --> 00:44:14,810 there's a planet coming in front and 1037 00:44:20,200 --> 00:44:18,380 behind the star okay and so because of 1038 00:44:23,470 --> 00:44:20,210 this technique which is a relatively new 1039 00:44:25,900 --> 00:44:23,480 technique of using we use photometry the 1040 00:44:29,830 --> 00:44:25,910 Kepler space telescope has found over 1041 00:44:31,450 --> 00:44:29,840 2,000 planets around other stars but 1042 00:44:35,650 --> 00:44:31,460 this technique we're still using it here 1043 00:44:39,550 --> 00:44:35,660 is the test space telescope and test was 1044 00:44:41,710 --> 00:44:39,560 launched in 2018 and Tess has about a 1045 00:44:45,730 --> 00:44:41,720 400 times larger search area than Kepler 1046 00:44:47,560 --> 00:44:45,740 so it's going to do exoplanet detection 1047 00:44:49,660 --> 00:44:47,570 and the basically the same way but it's 1048 00:44:51,820 --> 00:44:49,670 estimated to find many more what's 1049 00:44:54,460 --> 00:44:51,830 exciting about Tess is that it's going 1050 00:44:57,030 --> 00:44:54,470 to look at four exoplanets that are 1051 00:44:59,430 --> 00:44:57,040 closer to us a lot of Kepler's 1052 00:45:01,690 --> 00:44:59,440 exoplanets that discovered are quite far 1053 00:45:03,220 --> 00:45:01,700 but Tess is going to look for some that 1054 00:45:07,630 --> 00:45:03,230 are closer including this system which 1055 00:45:13,840 --> 00:45:07,640 was just released this summer with a 1056 00:45:15,910 --> 00:45:13,850 very nice name GJ 3 5 7 GJ 3 5 7 is only 1057 00:45:19,360 --> 00:45:15,920 30 31 light-years away from us it's very 1058 00:45:22,960 --> 00:45:19,370 close as far as star systems go and they 1059 00:45:25,930 --> 00:45:22,970 just stand test discover this inner 1 3 1060 00:45:30,100 --> 00:45:25,940 5 7 be around this small little m dwarf 1061 00:45:32,080 --> 00:45:30,110 star and test discovered that and then 1062 00:45:34,870 --> 00:45:32,090 once test discovered that what happened 1063 00:45:36,250 --> 00:45:34,880 was astronomers around the world decided 1064 00:45:38,230 --> 00:45:36,260 that they would look back at all the 1065 00:45:39,850 --> 00:45:38,240 archival data of that star from other 1066 00:45:42,070 --> 00:45:39,860 Telegram based telescopes in the hid 1067 00:45:45,640 --> 00:45:42,080 going back all the way through the late 1068 00:45:48,220 --> 00:45:45,650 1990s and they realized that they had 1069 00:45:49,840 --> 00:45:48,230 and that data these two EXO other 1070 00:45:52,030 --> 00:45:49,850 exoplanets that had never been detected 1071 00:45:53,980 --> 00:45:52,040 it lived in that data but they didn't 1072 00:45:57,340 --> 00:45:53,990 know it and they didn't know how to look 1073 00:45:59,920 --> 00:45:57,350 for it until Tess found that first one 1074 00:46:01,750 --> 00:45:59,930 there these are all 1075 00:46:05,470 --> 00:46:01,760 super-earths size so larger than earth 1076 00:46:08,170 --> 00:46:05,480 that 3 5 7 B is much too close to the 1077 00:46:10,450 --> 00:46:08,180 star to be habitable but you see this 1078 00:46:15,760 --> 00:46:10,460 blue region called the habitable zone 3 1079 00:46:17,710 --> 00:46:15,770 5 7 D is potentially habitable follow-up 1080 00:46:20,680 --> 00:46:17,720 missions will have to explore the 1081 00:46:23,890 --> 00:46:20,690 habitability of that exoplanet but it's 1082 00:46:27,700 --> 00:46:23,900 about it's about 6 times the mass of our 1083 00:46:31,720 --> 00:46:27,710 earth it's called a super earth ok so 1084 00:46:34,240 --> 00:46:31,730 this so photometry is a very is a very 1085 00:46:39,220 --> 00:46:34,250 powerful tool that you can actually do 1086 00:46:41,339 --> 00:46:39,230 yourself with this with this online tool 1087 00:46:44,230 --> 00:46:41,349 called do-it-yourself planet search 1088 00:46:46,299 --> 00:46:44,240 what's really cool about this tool is is 1089 00:46:47,799 --> 00:46:46,309 that you yourself can do the same 1090 00:46:53,620 --> 00:46:47,809 techniques that astronomers do and you 1091 00:46:55,000 --> 00:46:53,630 can discover exoplanets ok and the way 1092 00:46:56,470 --> 00:46:55,010 it worked and by the way I know you're 1093 00:46:58,779 --> 00:46:56,480 like I'm never gonna remember all these 1094 00:47:00,700 --> 00:46:58,789 tools I'll give you one URL at the end 1095 00:47:04,539 --> 00:47:00,710 that you can find everything at or one 1096 00:47:06,069 --> 00:47:04,549 place you can look the DIY planet search 1097 00:47:08,019 --> 00:47:06,079 is a nice tool where you can basically 1098 00:47:11,079 --> 00:47:08,029 do the same processes that astronomers 1099 00:47:12,609 --> 00:47:11,089 do with photometry so basically what you 1100 00:47:14,980 --> 00:47:12,619 do is you first choose a target 1101 00:47:16,779 --> 00:47:14,990 there are many targets you can choose 1102 00:47:19,089 --> 00:47:16,789 these and I should say these are known 1103 00:47:21,849 --> 00:47:19,099 exoplanets so you're going to get a 1104 00:47:23,200 --> 00:47:21,859 result if you do it correctly ok these 1105 00:47:26,859 --> 00:47:23,210 are known exoplanets that we've 1106 00:47:28,450 --> 00:47:26,869 discovered so you're going to get a 1107 00:47:30,579 --> 00:47:28,460 result so if you if you want to do this 1108 00:47:33,370 --> 00:47:30,589 you can observe anytime you can also go 1109 00:47:35,980 --> 00:47:33,380 back in the past and observe that's nice 1110 00:47:38,109 --> 00:47:35,990 if you want something right now you 1111 00:47:38,859 --> 00:47:38,119 don't have to wait for it I went ahead 1112 00:47:41,440 --> 00:47:38,869 and did that 1113 00:47:47,260 --> 00:47:41,450 because we aren't going to wait several 1114 00:47:50,829 --> 00:47:47,270 days and let me show you what I did so I 1115 00:47:54,130 --> 00:47:50,839 just want to bring this up so that you 1116 00:47:56,170 --> 00:47:54,140 can see let me see it's this one yeah 1117 00:47:59,140 --> 00:47:56,180 alright so what you can do is you can 1118 00:48:01,240 --> 00:47:59,150 bring up an image so basically you can 1119 00:48:02,740 --> 00:48:01,250 do you can observe the the telescope's 1120 00:48:04,150 --> 00:48:02,750 this is the same micro Observatory 1121 00:48:07,059 --> 00:48:04,160 telescopes by the way that I showed you 1122 00:48:09,220 --> 00:48:07,069 earlier ok they observe they're just 1123 00:48:10,809 --> 00:48:09,230 6-inch ground-based telescopes but they 1124 00:48:12,730 --> 00:48:10,819 can still detect exoplanets which is 1125 00:48:15,150 --> 00:48:12,740 amazing so 1126 00:48:18,430 --> 00:48:15,160 if you hit view you come up with a 1127 00:48:20,020 --> 00:48:18,440 region of the night sky and there's 1128 00:48:21,609 --> 00:48:20,030 instructions on how to do this but I'll 1129 00:48:23,230 --> 00:48:21,619 just walk you through real quick the 1130 00:48:25,600 --> 00:48:23,240 first thing that any astronomer needs to 1131 00:48:29,020 --> 00:48:25,610 do is to find their star one of these 1132 00:48:33,190 --> 00:48:29,030 stars has an exoplanet going around it 1133 00:48:38,310 --> 00:48:33,200 which one is it that one you're you're 1134 00:48:40,510 --> 00:48:38,320 right you're right right right well 1135 00:48:43,030 --> 00:48:40,520 right it's the one with the yellow 1136 00:48:43,570 --> 00:48:43,040 circle on it right yes that's it that's 1137 00:48:45,790 --> 00:48:43,580 it 1138 00:48:47,350 --> 00:48:45,800 so there's a finder chart right there's 1139 00:48:51,310 --> 00:48:47,360 a finder chart here that lets you find 1140 00:48:53,260 --> 00:48:51,320 your star so the process is you first 1141 00:48:55,870 --> 00:48:53,270 calibrate your image and what that means 1142 00:48:57,670 --> 00:48:55,880 is that you subtract off what's called 1143 00:48:59,590 --> 00:48:57,680 the dark noise or the dark current from 1144 00:49:02,080 --> 00:48:59,600 the chip all these CCD chips have these 1145 00:49:03,340 --> 00:49:02,090 interesting noise features first thing 1146 00:49:05,260 --> 00:49:03,350 you do is you subtract that off because 1147 00:49:08,560 --> 00:49:05,270 that's just noise so you click calibrate 1148 00:49:11,770 --> 00:49:08,570 it does it for you and then you bring up 1149 00:49:14,710 --> 00:49:11,780 your finder chart and you try to find 1150 00:49:16,390 --> 00:49:14,720 out where it is and you see these two 1151 00:49:17,260 --> 00:49:16,400 stars they're looking awful that like 1152 00:49:20,109 --> 00:49:17,270 these two stars 1153 00:49:21,340 --> 00:49:20,119 if you ever observe it in the night sky 1154 00:49:23,020 --> 00:49:21,350 if you've ever done observing with your 1155 00:49:24,970 --> 00:49:23,030 own telescope you know the idea of star 1156 00:49:28,330 --> 00:49:24,980 hopping where you try to find the bright 1157 00:49:31,000 --> 00:49:28,340 ones and you sort of hop around and then 1158 00:49:34,060 --> 00:49:31,010 the yellow one which is that one is our 1159 00:49:35,590 --> 00:49:34,070 target star right so let me close that 1160 00:49:37,720 --> 00:49:35,600 because I know what the answers are all 1161 00:49:39,790 --> 00:49:37,730 right so basically you put your little 1162 00:49:42,070 --> 00:49:39,800 cursor here and you click on this and 1163 00:49:43,690 --> 00:49:42,080 when you click on it what it's doing is 1164 00:49:46,330 --> 00:49:43,700 it's basically saying it's going to 1165 00:49:48,910 --> 00:49:46,340 count up all the photons or all the 1166 00:49:50,260 --> 00:49:48,920 light within that circle that's what 1167 00:49:51,640 --> 00:49:50,270 that circle is this like your bucket 1168 00:49:54,790 --> 00:49:51,650 it's going to count all the light in 1169 00:49:57,160 --> 00:49:54,800 that circle it asks for two comparison 1170 00:49:58,480 --> 00:49:57,170 stars because we're looking for a star 1171 00:50:00,010 --> 00:49:58,490 that varies with time and you need to 1172 00:50:02,820 --> 00:50:00,020 compare it with a star that doesn't vary 1173 00:50:06,220 --> 00:50:02,830 with time as a to get sort of a relative 1174 00:50:07,570 --> 00:50:06,230 measurement so the finer chart tells you 1175 00:50:09,820 --> 00:50:07,580 where these are but I'll just click them 1176 00:50:11,020 --> 00:50:09,830 here there's a comparison and then they 1177 00:50:14,770 --> 00:50:11,030 just want you to click on a couple of 1178 00:50:16,840 --> 00:50:14,780 dark patches of sky because the dark sky 1179 00:50:17,920 --> 00:50:16,850 could actually have some small amount of 1180 00:50:21,940 --> 00:50:17,930 brightness that you might want to 1181 00:50:23,260 --> 00:50:21,950 subtract off okay all the instructions 1182 00:50:26,210 --> 00:50:23,270 walk you through that and then when you 1183 00:50:30,260 --> 00:50:26,220 hit calculate and record you 1184 00:50:32,720 --> 00:50:30,270 are going to it'll tell you okay 1185 00:50:35,570 --> 00:50:32,730 relative brightness measurement so it's 1186 00:50:38,000 --> 00:50:35,580 about 80% as bright as the average of 1187 00:50:39,440 --> 00:50:38,010 those two stars what's important is you 1188 00:50:40,850 --> 00:50:39,450 do this as you can see with the 1189 00:50:43,640 --> 00:50:40,860 checkmarks with enough of those 1190 00:50:46,220 --> 00:50:43,650 observations of that same star and you 1191 00:50:48,350 --> 00:50:46,230 graph the brightness it'll graph it for 1192 00:50:51,640 --> 00:50:48,360 you and you can start to see although 1193 00:50:54,650 --> 00:50:51,650 it's noisy you can start to see a trend 1194 00:50:56,600 --> 00:50:54,660 where there's a dip where in here is 1195 00:50:59,000 --> 00:50:56,610 where the the transiting planet must be 1196 00:51:00,620 --> 00:50:59,010 in front of the star right now again 1197 00:51:02,240 --> 00:51:00,630 this is pretty powerful because this is 1198 00:51:04,220 --> 00:51:02,250 only a six inch telescope these are 1199 00:51:06,020 --> 00:51:04,230 pretty small telescopes there but 1200 00:51:07,910 --> 00:51:06,030 they're pretty powerful the idea that 1201 00:51:09,830 --> 00:51:07,920 with a six inch telescope you can 1202 00:51:12,830 --> 00:51:09,840 actually discover a planet around 1203 00:51:15,350 --> 00:51:12,840 another world it's quite amazing and in 1204 00:51:17,540 --> 00:51:15,360 fact if you go onto this tool you will 1205 00:51:19,130 --> 00:51:17,550 there's opportunities to to work with 1206 00:51:21,320 --> 00:51:19,140 others in the community that use this 1207 00:51:25,730 --> 00:51:21,330 tool to pull your your answers together 1208 00:51:28,100 --> 00:51:25,740 to get even more accurate data so this 1209 00:51:30,290 --> 00:51:28,110 is oh this is a fun tool that gets into 1210 00:51:33,590 --> 00:51:30,300 photometry that you that we would happy 1211 00:51:36,010 --> 00:51:33,600 for you to share with others I want to 1212 00:51:42,410 --> 00:51:36,020 also just make a couple other points 1213 00:51:44,150 --> 00:51:42,420 about other tools we work and a learning 1214 00:51:46,280 --> 00:51:44,160 program called NASA's Universal learning 1215 00:51:48,590 --> 00:51:46,290 this is a NASA program where a Space 1216 00:51:50,300 --> 00:51:48,600 Telescope is is a member but we have 1217 00:51:52,400 --> 00:51:50,310 partners across the country including at 1218 00:51:53,900 --> 00:51:52,410 Sonoma State University and they're 1219 00:51:55,610 --> 00:51:53,910 leading this effort called the global 1220 00:51:59,090 --> 00:51:55,620 telescope Network where you can 1221 00:52:00,740 --> 00:51:59,100 basically do what we just did with that 1222 00:52:02,930 --> 00:52:00,750 but with even larger telescopes 1223 00:52:05,210 --> 00:52:02,940 ground-based telescopes and even do more 1224 00:52:07,190 --> 00:52:05,220 you can do exoplanets just like we just 1225 00:52:09,320 --> 00:52:07,200 did there you could do variable stars 1226 00:52:11,720 --> 00:52:09,330 like Henrietta Leavitt was doing and 1227 00:52:13,910 --> 00:52:11,730 Edwin Hubble was doing okay so there's 1228 00:52:16,580 --> 00:52:13,920 there's online tools that you can do and 1229 00:52:20,480 --> 00:52:16,590 learn about with the global telescope 1230 00:52:22,250 --> 00:52:20,490 network likewise there's a project 1231 00:52:25,220 --> 00:52:22,260 that's coming out very soon that we're 1232 00:52:28,400 --> 00:52:25,230 excited to share with you it's called 1233 00:52:31,760 --> 00:52:28,410 the exoplanet transit survey this is 1234 00:52:36,410 --> 00:52:31,770 aimed at amateur astronomers and smaller 1235 00:52:38,750 --> 00:52:36,420 colleges universities basically you can 1236 00:52:39,800 --> 00:52:38,760 you can observe high-priority transiting 1237 00:52:41,360 --> 00:52:39,810 exoplanets 1238 00:52:44,480 --> 00:52:41,370 discovered by Kepler tests and other 1239 00:52:46,040 --> 00:52:44,490 surveys this is getting more into doing 1240 00:52:48,380 --> 00:52:46,050 actual I mean this is really getting 1241 00:52:49,810 --> 00:52:48,390 into actual science here so the whole 1242 00:52:52,460 --> 00:52:49,820 point of this is to pool together 1243 00:52:55,700 --> 00:52:52,470 ground-based telescopes small large 1244 00:52:58,370 --> 00:52:55,710 whatever they are and to do things like 1245 00:53:00,500 --> 00:52:58,380 follow up on potential tests discoveries 1246 00:53:03,110 --> 00:53:00,510 ok so test is going to do a lot of 1247 00:53:04,850 --> 00:53:03,120 discoveries but they're not test is only 1248 00:53:07,400 --> 00:53:04,860 going to maybe visit a few some of those 1249 00:53:09,290 --> 00:53:07,410 may be one visit or one pass so there 1250 00:53:10,940 --> 00:53:09,300 might be uncertain so if you follow up 1251 00:53:13,060 --> 00:53:10,950 with these ground base you might 1252 00:53:18,080 --> 00:53:13,070 actually be able to confirm that there's 1253 00:53:19,850 --> 00:53:18,090 possibly an exoplanet there okay and so 1254 00:53:22,430 --> 00:53:19,860 this is something that's that's going to 1255 00:53:25,160 --> 00:53:22,440 be out in the next hopefully next 1256 00:53:26,870 --> 00:53:25,170 several months so keep that in mind 1257 00:53:29,750 --> 00:53:26,880 again this is a NASA's Universal 1258 00:53:31,670 --> 00:53:29,760 learning program I will and this is done 1259 00:53:35,620 --> 00:53:31,680 with our partners at at NASA's Jet 1260 00:53:37,730 --> 00:53:35,630 Propulsion Laboratory I encourage you to 1261 00:53:39,470 --> 00:53:37,740 enough point this again at the end go to 1262 00:53:41,120 --> 00:53:39,480 NASA's Universal learning site all of 1263 00:53:43,840 --> 00:53:41,130 the activities that I show you will be 1264 00:53:48,230 --> 00:53:43,850 there all right 1265 00:53:49,700 --> 00:53:48,240 spectroscopy probably I this I'm biased 1266 00:53:53,750 --> 00:53:49,710 but I think this is the most powerful 1267 00:53:54,740 --> 00:53:53,760 tool in our toolkit so how are we doing 1268 00:53:57,230 --> 00:53:54,750 on time we're just getting to the 1269 00:53:59,000 --> 00:53:57,240 punchline we all right okay all right 1270 00:54:02,270 --> 00:53:59,010 all right 1271 00:54:05,200 --> 00:54:02,280 so spectroscopy and you got a nice loot 1272 00:54:08,330 --> 00:54:05,210 though that showcases some spectroscopy 1273 00:54:09,680 --> 00:54:08,340 you know they say a picture is worth a 1274 00:54:11,440 --> 00:54:09,690 thousand words sometimes they say a 1275 00:54:13,880 --> 00:54:11,450 spectrum is worth a thousand pictures 1276 00:54:14,950 --> 00:54:13,890 spectroscopy really has a lot of 1277 00:54:17,180 --> 00:54:14,960 information in it 1278 00:54:18,950 --> 00:54:17,190 what is spectroscopy well spectroscopy 1279 00:54:22,820 --> 00:54:18,960 is just breaking up the light you get 1280 00:54:25,660 --> 00:54:22,830 into the component colors okay a lot of 1281 00:54:28,190 --> 00:54:25,670 people credit Isaac Newton was sort of 1282 00:54:29,630 --> 00:54:28,200 the invention of the the field of 1283 00:54:33,050 --> 00:54:29,640 spectroscopy although others were doing 1284 00:54:34,940 --> 00:54:33,060 spectroscopy before him in the 1600s and 1285 00:54:37,520 --> 00:54:34,950 in fact the Romans were breaking up 1286 00:54:40,880 --> 00:54:37,530 light with with glass and seeing 1287 00:54:46,010 --> 00:54:40,890 rainbows but Isaac Newton in his optics 1288 00:54:48,400 --> 00:54:46,020 book that came out in 1704 basically put 1289 00:54:50,750 --> 00:54:48,410 together the fact that you can actually 1290 00:54:52,280 --> 00:54:50,760 break up white light into the component 1291 00:54:53,330 --> 00:54:52,290 colors and put the component colors back 1292 00:54:55,400 --> 00:54:53,340 together again in white lie 1293 00:54:57,950 --> 00:54:55,410 so he basically showed with his 1294 00:55:00,170 --> 00:54:57,960 experiments that that white light was 1295 00:55:03,110 --> 00:55:00,180 really comprised of those of those 1296 00:55:04,910 --> 00:55:03,120 colors of the rainbow alright so you can 1297 00:55:06,560 --> 00:55:04,920 see him with the prism there and that 1298 00:55:11,570 --> 00:55:06,570 pick in that painting breaking up the 1299 00:55:14,390 --> 00:55:11,580 light alright so let's go ahead and do a 1300 00:55:17,210 --> 00:55:14,400 demo I have this up here this is uh this 1301 00:55:18,530 --> 00:55:17,220 is sort of an idea there's a lot of 1302 00:55:22,130 --> 00:55:18,540 stuff on here all I want to get across 1303 00:55:23,360 --> 00:55:22,140 is that in most cases on a telescope if 1304 00:55:24,980 --> 00:55:23,370 you have as if you're trying to take a 1305 00:55:27,020 --> 00:55:24,990 spectrum of an object if you're trying 1306 00:55:30,140 --> 00:55:27,030 to break the light up of an object you 1307 00:55:32,570 --> 00:55:30,150 have you want to you want to only get 1308 00:55:34,340 --> 00:55:32,580 the target usually right so you have a 1309 00:55:36,890 --> 00:55:34,350 star or you have a galaxy or something 1310 00:55:39,200 --> 00:55:36,900 and so you need some way of preventing 1311 00:55:41,930 --> 00:55:39,210 all the other light from the image from 1312 00:55:43,750 --> 00:55:41,940 getting into your great getting into 1313 00:55:46,880 --> 00:55:43,760 this grating is essentially a prism you 1314 00:55:48,470 --> 00:55:46,890 only want your target to be broken up 1315 00:55:50,330 --> 00:55:48,480 into a spectrum that's not always the 1316 00:55:51,980 --> 00:55:50,340 case there are others there are other 1317 00:55:53,810 --> 00:55:51,990 spec there are other spectrographs on 1318 00:55:55,370 --> 00:55:53,820 our two instruments things that are 1319 00:55:57,380 --> 00:55:55,380 things I call like a fuse and other 1320 00:55:59,470 --> 00:55:57,390 things that that you can basically get a 1321 00:56:02,420 --> 00:55:59,480 spectrum of the entire field if you will 1322 00:56:04,700 --> 00:56:02,430 but the idea is is that you take the 1323 00:56:05,960 --> 00:56:04,710 light from a source you you pass it 1324 00:56:08,720 --> 00:56:05,970 through in this case it's a grating but 1325 00:56:10,250 --> 00:56:08,730 it acts like a prism you break up you 1326 00:56:12,500 --> 00:56:10,260 bend the colors of light and then you 1327 00:56:27,640 --> 00:56:12,510 put it on a detector your CCD chip and 1328 00:56:34,050 --> 00:56:27,650 you read it on yeah yeah yeah yeah yeah 1329 00:56:41,220 --> 00:56:36,660 all right Theatre of the mind people all 1330 00:56:43,290 --> 00:56:41,230 right okay thank you Frank 1331 00:56:45,270 --> 00:56:43,300 but what's powerful about spectroscopy 1332 00:56:46,440 --> 00:56:45,280 why spectroscopy so powerful there are 1333 00:56:48,120 --> 00:56:46,450 so many things you can learn about an 1334 00:56:50,640 --> 00:56:48,130 object with a spectrum okay you can 1335 00:56:52,380 --> 00:56:50,650 learn in this case we're showing you one 1336 00:56:53,880 --> 00:56:52,390 example you can learn the composition of 1337 00:56:57,060 --> 00:56:53,890 the object what the object is made out 1338 00:56:59,160 --> 00:56:57,070 of you can learn how far away an object 1339 00:57:01,800 --> 00:56:59,170 is you can learn how fast it's moving 1340 00:57:03,720 --> 00:57:01,810 through space you can learn the 1341 00:57:05,520 --> 00:57:03,730 temperature of an object there's so many 1342 00:57:08,870 --> 00:57:05,530 things that a spectrum can give you if 1343 00:57:12,270 --> 00:57:08,880 you if you if you take a spectrum so 1344 00:57:15,330 --> 00:57:12,280 with that let me go ahead and switch 1345 00:57:18,510 --> 00:57:15,340 over we're gonna try something we've see 1346 00:57:24,960 --> 00:57:18,520 if this works all right we're gonna go 1347 00:57:26,880 --> 00:57:24,970 ahead and do a demo here and before we 1348 00:57:32,360 --> 00:57:26,890 turn though there we go before we turn 1349 00:57:38,370 --> 00:57:34,890 see if you can see I want you to see 1350 00:57:44,340 --> 00:57:38,380 what I can see on my screen here there 1351 00:57:46,830 --> 00:57:44,350 we go all right okay all right now what 1352 00:57:49,260 --> 00:57:46,840 I have up here in the front is I have a 1353 00:57:50,670 --> 00:57:49,270 camera with us with essentially a prism 1354 00:57:53,040 --> 00:57:50,680 or a grating in it that's going to be 1355 00:57:54,780 --> 00:57:53,050 our spectrograph and then I have these 1356 00:57:57,840 --> 00:57:54,790 tubes that are filled with an element 1357 00:57:59,130 --> 00:57:57,850 okay and I'm going to heat up I'm going 1358 00:58:01,320 --> 00:57:59,140 to turn this on and it's going to heat 1359 00:58:04,080 --> 00:58:01,330 the element the gas in this and it's 1360 00:58:06,360 --> 00:58:04,090 going to give off very specific colors 1361 00:58:07,650 --> 00:58:06,370 that are associated with that gas okay 1362 00:58:10,830 --> 00:58:07,660 essentially it's going to give off a 1363 00:58:13,580 --> 00:58:10,840 spectrum it's it's what we call we 1364 00:58:15,930 --> 00:58:13,590 sometimes call it a spectral fingerprint 1365 00:58:17,070 --> 00:58:15,940 so let me go ahead and turn that on okay 1366 00:58:20,430 --> 00:58:17,080 you can go ahead and turn the lights off 1367 00:58:22,680 --> 00:58:20,440 now yeah Thank You Thomas all right turn 1368 00:58:27,750 --> 00:58:22,690 that on all right good 1369 00:58:29,700 --> 00:58:27,760 okay so when you look at this screen all 1370 00:58:32,580 --> 00:58:29,710 right so there there's the tube you see 1371 00:58:34,890 --> 00:58:32,590 it bright that sort of hashed bar is 1372 00:58:36,780 --> 00:58:34,900 essentially the amount where I want the 1373 00:58:38,370 --> 00:58:36,790 light to come through so I don't want to 1374 00:58:40,290 --> 00:58:38,380 include all this other stuff in the 1375 00:58:42,390 --> 00:58:40,300 spectrum and then here's actually where 1376 00:58:44,730 --> 00:58:42,400 it breaks it apart and then you can see 1377 00:58:47,549 --> 00:58:44,740 over here it graphs it for you so these 1378 00:58:50,189 --> 00:58:47,559 are nanometers these are essentially 1379 00:58:52,439 --> 00:58:50,199 wavelength of light and this is 1380 00:58:55,140 --> 00:58:52,449 intensity or how bright the light is 1381 00:58:58,349 --> 00:58:55,150 and you'll notice that a few lines 1382 00:59:00,329 --> 00:58:58,359 really stick out okay and those are the 1383 00:59:02,160 --> 00:59:00,339 fingerprints that tell us what this 1384 00:59:06,269 --> 00:59:02,170 element is does anyone know what's in 1385 00:59:08,069 --> 00:59:06,279 this - how many chemical how many 1386 00:59:13,229 --> 00:59:08,079 chemistry spectroscopy is do we have in 1387 00:59:15,689 --> 00:59:13,239 the room all right 1388 00:59:17,670 --> 00:59:15,699 well luckily people have done this in 1389 00:59:20,339 --> 00:59:17,680 the laboratory for a long time and they 1390 00:59:21,630 --> 00:59:20,349 have the answers for us so let me go 1391 00:59:27,449 --> 00:59:21,640 ahead and show you I'm going to over 1392 00:59:28,979 --> 00:59:27,459 plot a line here hydrogen lines and what 1393 00:59:31,380 --> 00:59:28,989 you'll notice is these are called the 1394 00:59:34,109 --> 00:59:31,390 hydrogen bomber lines but they mark them 1395 00:59:36,539 --> 00:59:34,119 so this is called hydrogen alpha 1396 00:59:38,939 --> 00:59:36,549 hydrogen beta and so on there's one 1397 00:59:40,799 --> 00:59:38,949 there it turns out you don't really see 1398 00:59:43,549 --> 00:59:40,809 these because the sensitivity the check 1399 00:59:46,589 --> 00:59:43,559 the chip drops off over in the and the 1400 00:59:48,660 --> 00:59:46,599 violet and so we don't really the chip 1401 00:59:51,299 --> 00:59:48,670 can't detect those colors this is all 1402 00:59:53,489 --> 00:59:51,309 noise over here by the way so you can 1403 00:59:55,859 --> 00:59:53,499 ignore this but here between here and 1404 00:59:57,359 --> 00:59:55,869 here is essentially what the chip 1405 01:00:01,169 --> 00:59:57,369 somewhere around here is what the chip 1406 01:00:05,459 --> 01:00:01,179 can see so that tells us that we have 1407 01:00:07,079 --> 01:00:05,469 hydrogen hydrogen lines so when an 1408 01:00:08,969 --> 01:00:07,089 astronomer is doing this and this is 1409 01:00:12,660 --> 01:00:08,979 actually a lot of what I did for my PhD 1410 01:00:16,380 --> 01:00:12,670 work is we we get a spectrum from an 1411 01:00:18,839 --> 01:00:16,390 object okay and it's a mystery right and 1412 01:00:22,140 --> 01:00:18,849 so you create these line lists like we 1413 01:00:26,039 --> 01:00:22,150 have here this is hydrogen bomber but 1414 01:00:27,689 --> 01:00:26,049 you know if I also clicked on h2o water 1415 01:00:32,359 --> 01:00:27,699 that's what the that's what the water 1416 01:00:34,769 --> 01:00:32,369 lines would be or neon or so on right 1417 01:00:36,059 --> 01:00:34,779 you can see it gets quite complicated if 1418 01:00:38,069 --> 01:00:36,069 your object has a lot of different 1419 01:00:39,569 --> 01:00:38,079 elements in it but that's where that's 1420 01:00:43,529 --> 01:00:39,579 that's that's where you make your money 1421 01:00:45,509 --> 01:00:43,539 right all right so that's hydrogen 1422 01:00:47,219 --> 01:00:45,519 bomber but let's let's actually take a 1423 01:00:53,239 --> 01:00:47,229 let me turn that off for a second and 1424 01:00:56,609 --> 01:00:53,249 let me overlay on here a reference star 1425 01:01:01,410 --> 01:00:56,619 I'm gonna do this is this is the 1426 01:01:02,700 --> 01:01:01,420 spectrum of a star an a0 star 1427 01:01:04,460 --> 01:01:02,710 this is basically if you've heard of the 1428 01:01:07,970 --> 01:01:04,470 star Vega this is equivalent to Vega 1429 01:01:10,770 --> 01:01:07,980 what you'll notice you notice that those 1430 01:01:13,470 --> 01:01:10,780 we call these emission lines the hot gas 1431 01:01:14,910 --> 01:01:13,480 from the tube ISM is creating these 1432 01:01:16,770 --> 01:01:14,920 emission lines these spectral 1433 01:01:20,069 --> 01:01:16,780 fingerprints you'll notice that they 1434 01:01:23,819 --> 01:01:20,079 overlap directly with these dips that 1435 01:01:26,849 --> 01:01:23,829 you see in the star's spectrum okay it 1436 01:01:30,240 --> 01:01:26,859 turns out that four stars they have 1437 01:01:32,339 --> 01:01:30,250 these outer atmospheres okay so this 1438 01:01:34,740 --> 01:01:32,349 this hot gas is emitting these signature 1439 01:01:38,789 --> 01:01:34,750 stars have these cooler atmospheres 1440 01:01:42,270 --> 01:01:38,799 where they absorb the photons of 1441 01:01:44,789 --> 01:01:42,280 specific from specific elements so this 1442 01:01:48,710 --> 01:01:44,799 star has an outer atmosphere of hydrogen 1443 01:01:51,210 --> 01:01:48,720 and we know that because it's absorbing 1444 01:01:52,620 --> 01:01:51,220 hydrogen because there is less hydrogen 1445 01:01:57,299 --> 01:01:52,630 that that line is associate with 1446 01:01:59,339 --> 01:01:57,309 hydrogen and so we can actually use 1447 01:02:00,690 --> 01:01:59,349 these are called absorption lines so 1448 01:02:03,690 --> 01:02:00,700 whether they're are being emitted from a 1449 01:02:09,329 --> 01:02:03,700 hot gas like that - or whether the gas 1450 01:02:12,200 --> 01:02:09,339 is absorbing photons the gas is cooler 1451 01:02:14,250 --> 01:02:12,210 and absorbing photons you can still do 1452 01:02:15,210 --> 01:02:14,260 doesn't matter if the submission or 1453 01:02:18,539 --> 01:02:15,220 absorption you can determine that 1454 01:02:21,030 --> 01:02:18,549 hydrogen is there right so this is 1455 01:02:22,710 --> 01:02:21,040 actually one of the ways in which they 1456 01:02:24,690 --> 01:02:22,720 did the stellar classifications of stars 1457 01:02:28,740 --> 01:02:24,700 so if you ever wondered why stars have 1458 01:02:30,960 --> 01:02:28,750 these weird classifications of oba FG 1459 01:02:34,140 --> 01:02:30,970 whatever if you've ever heard of that it 1460 01:02:35,549 --> 01:02:34,150 actually initially came from using 1461 01:02:37,109 --> 01:02:35,559 spectroscopy and looking at the 1462 01:02:40,079 --> 01:02:37,119 strengths of the hydrogen Balmer lines 1463 01:02:42,089 --> 01:02:40,089 some a stars have very strong hydrogen 1464 01:02:46,620 --> 01:02:42,099 bomber lines they have very strong 1465 01:02:48,809 --> 01:02:46,630 hydrogen presence present in the Balmer 1466 01:02:50,190 --> 01:02:48,819 series and I keep saying bomber because 1467 01:02:53,520 --> 01:02:50,200 there's different kinds of hydrogen 1468 01:02:55,559 --> 01:02:53,530 hydrogen lines let me go ahead and do 1469 01:03:01,950 --> 01:02:55,569 another example let's go ahead and turn 1470 01:03:07,819 --> 01:03:01,960 that alright actually let me go ahead 1471 01:03:11,150 --> 01:03:07,829 and turn on see this is a star this is a 1472 01:03:14,850 --> 01:03:11,160 g25 star so this is a star like our Sun 1473 01:03:16,770 --> 01:03:14,860 so our Sun has a spectrum like this the 1474 01:03:18,930 --> 01:03:16,780 is a cool our son is a cooler star than 1475 01:03:20,340 --> 01:03:18,940 the a star and as you get cooler and 1476 01:03:22,560 --> 01:03:20,350 cooler stars you're gonna notice that 1477 01:03:24,030 --> 01:03:22,570 the spectrum looks a little Messier but 1478 01:03:26,550 --> 01:03:24,040 it's actually because there's a lot more 1479 01:03:28,440 --> 01:03:26,560 features that you see okay so it gets 1480 01:03:30,240 --> 01:03:28,450 actually quite complicated it's hard to 1481 01:03:31,620 --> 01:03:30,250 see but there is hydrogen there you can 1482 01:03:35,220 --> 01:03:31,630 see that it matches up with that and 1483 01:03:37,860 --> 01:03:35,230 there's hydrogen there but there's 1484 01:03:41,040 --> 01:03:37,870 something else that's really cool that I 1485 01:03:47,040 --> 01:03:41,050 want to show you let's take off let's 1486 01:03:57,000 --> 01:03:47,050 take hydrogen out let's put in a 1487 01:03:59,400 --> 01:03:57,010 different element all right all right 1488 01:04:02,790 --> 01:03:59,410 you can see this has a lot more lines 1489 01:04:07,560 --> 01:04:02,800 right this has this spec this spectrum 1490 01:04:09,900 --> 01:04:07,570 is quite quite busier but you'll notice 1491 01:04:12,960 --> 01:04:09,910 that there are some features that that 1492 01:04:16,260 --> 01:04:12,970 do overlap with this sun-like star 1493 01:04:18,930 --> 01:04:16,270 spectrum don't nominally this this sort 1494 01:04:20,430 --> 01:04:18,940 of yellow line here you kind of you kind 1495 01:04:25,860 --> 01:04:20,440 of see a dip up there and in fact I 1496 01:04:33,050 --> 01:04:25,870 could if I see if I can make this work I 1497 01:04:36,420 --> 01:04:33,060 might be able to not sure all right 1498 01:04:39,660 --> 01:04:36,430 there was some way but I forgot how of 1499 01:04:41,460 --> 01:04:39,670 assuming it anyway look at the mouse 1500 01:04:44,880 --> 01:04:41,470 look at the mouse it'll tell you where 1501 01:04:47,850 --> 01:04:44,890 it is all right so there is a dip there 1502 01:04:55,440 --> 01:04:47,860 and it turns out that does anyone know 1503 01:04:58,650 --> 01:04:55,450 what's at around 588 nanometers what was 1504 01:05:01,760 --> 01:04:58,660 it not sodium although that color looks 1505 01:05:04,950 --> 01:05:01,770 very similar to it's actually helium 1506 01:05:06,450 --> 01:05:04,960 this is a helium spectrum and it turns 1507 01:05:09,300 --> 01:05:06,460 out that this is how helium was 1508 01:05:10,970 --> 01:05:09,310 discovered because helium is very rare 1509 01:05:13,350 --> 01:05:10,980 on the earth it's a very light gas 1510 01:05:16,280 --> 01:05:13,360 helium was first discovered in the Sun 1511 01:05:20,910 --> 01:05:16,290 and and this was the line that 1512 01:05:24,360 --> 01:05:20,920 rediscovered helium this 588 nanometer 1513 01:05:25,800 --> 01:05:24,370 line so using spectroscopy you know we 1514 01:05:27,660 --> 01:05:25,810 didn't we're doing a lot of things but 1515 01:05:30,540 --> 01:05:27,670 we're also you know filling in the 1516 01:05:40,260 --> 01:05:33,780 and that was actually done in eight let 1517 01:05:42,120 --> 01:05:40,270 me see if either 1868 all right so see 1518 01:05:47,610 --> 01:05:42,130 we could play with this all day but it's 1519 01:05:48,930 --> 01:05:47,620 getting late but actually if you're 1520 01:05:50,220 --> 01:05:48,940 interested after we're done if you want 1521 01:05:52,230 --> 01:05:50,230 to come up and take a look at it - I'm 1522 01:05:56,040 --> 01:05:52,240 happy to show you this or any any of the 1523 01:05:58,320 --> 01:05:56,050 other tools alright so let's go ahead 1524 01:06:04,730 --> 01:05:58,330 and I'm gonna go ahead and go through a 1525 01:06:12,860 --> 01:06:08,310 all right I have to do this again look 1526 01:06:17,670 --> 01:06:12,870 at my dust yes it's the best alright 1527 01:06:21,450 --> 01:06:17,680 okay alright so this is what I studied 1528 01:06:23,160 --> 01:06:21,460 as a graduate student and this this is 1529 01:06:24,960 --> 01:06:23,170 something called that a few centers 1530 01:06:28,260 --> 01:06:24,970 other bands there's probably ten people 1531 01:06:30,840 --> 01:06:28,270 in the world that study this I'm only 1532 01:06:34,590 --> 01:06:30,850 slightly exaggerating but it's a very 1533 01:06:37,200 --> 01:06:34,600 difficult mystery these are this is a 1534 01:06:39,270 --> 01:06:37,210 sort of a more modern-day absorption 1535 01:06:42,540 --> 01:06:39,280 profile look of it each of those dips 1536 01:06:45,120 --> 01:06:42,550 are absorption features that are called 1537 01:06:49,200 --> 01:06:45,130 the diffuse center solar bands they were 1538 01:06:52,230 --> 01:06:49,210 first discovered around 1919 by Mary Lea 1539 01:06:54,900 --> 01:06:52,240 Hager she was a graduate student at Lick 1540 01:06:58,560 --> 01:06:54,910 Observatory and there the longest 1541 01:07:00,090 --> 01:06:58,570 spectroscopic mystery in astronomy we 1542 01:07:02,790 --> 01:07:00,100 don't know what these are these are 1543 01:07:05,390 --> 01:07:02,800 absorption features from things that we 1544 01:07:09,390 --> 01:07:05,400 can identify in the interstellar medium 1545 01:07:12,750 --> 01:07:09,400 so we know it's coming from the space in 1546 01:07:14,160 --> 01:07:12,760 between stars because of the way the 1547 01:07:15,990 --> 01:07:14,170 features look they don't look like 1548 01:07:17,910 --> 01:07:16,000 they're coming from around stars they're 1549 01:07:19,830 --> 01:07:17,920 not don't have this sort of spectrum 1550 01:07:20,550 --> 01:07:19,840 that you would expect if they were near 1551 01:07:21,990 --> 01:07:20,560 a star 1552 01:07:24,780 --> 01:07:22,000 they look like they're coming they're 1553 01:07:29,640 --> 01:07:24,790 from the space between stars but we 1554 01:07:31,200 --> 01:07:29,650 don't know what they are okay so it's 1555 01:07:34,290 --> 01:07:31,210 been a it's been a mystery and there's 1556 01:07:37,350 --> 01:07:34,300 actually over 400 of these absorption 1557 01:07:39,000 --> 01:07:37,360 profiles now so we don't know when 1558 01:07:40,280 --> 01:07:39,010 married is Lea Hager discovered him I 1559 01:07:42,839 --> 01:07:40,290 believe she discovered two of them 1560 01:07:45,599 --> 01:07:42,849 initially and now we know of over four 1561 01:07:47,819 --> 01:07:45,609 and there throughout the visible part of 1562 01:07:49,890 --> 01:07:47,829 the spectrum and in close into the 1563 01:07:53,309 --> 01:07:49,900 near-infrared near infrareds here 1564 01:07:56,219 --> 01:07:53,319 visible spectrums here so that the kind 1565 01:07:58,679 --> 01:07:56,229 of light that our eyes can see right so 1566 01:08:00,289 --> 01:07:58,689 it's a big mystery but we have made a 1567 01:08:03,989 --> 01:08:00,299 little bit of headway in the last year 1568 01:08:09,679 --> 01:08:03,999 after all this time we discovered what a 1569 01:08:16,470 --> 01:08:13,640 they are these things called bucky balls 1570 01:08:18,689 --> 01:08:16,480 bucky balls are really interesting there 1571 01:08:23,189 --> 01:08:18,699 are these organic molecules these carbon 1572 01:08:25,950 --> 01:08:23,199 and hydrogen molecules these are these 1573 01:08:27,859 --> 01:08:25,960 are sort of carbon rings that fold over 1574 01:08:31,649 --> 01:08:27,869 to make these balls that you see here 1575 01:08:33,899 --> 01:08:31,659 and there are quite sturdy like this is 1576 01:08:37,410 --> 01:08:33,909 a video I can play actually see if it 1577 01:08:38,549 --> 01:08:37,420 plays yeah see if I can do it anyway 1578 01:08:42,510 --> 01:08:38,559 there's some text there because I 1579 01:08:43,709 --> 01:08:42,520 grabbed it from the JPL site but now 1580 01:08:45,870 --> 01:08:43,719 this isn't the first time that we've 1581 01:08:48,390 --> 01:08:45,880 discovered bucky balls bucky balls were 1582 01:08:49,829 --> 01:08:48,400 discovered in space in 2010 from the 1583 01:08:54,359 --> 01:08:49,839 Spitzer Space Telescope 1584 01:08:56,309 --> 01:08:54,369 they found it from a star that was there 1585 01:08:58,769 --> 01:08:56,319 that's been dying a planetary nebula and 1586 01:09:01,049 --> 01:08:58,779 that that was really interesting and 1587 01:09:02,280 --> 01:09:01,059 cool but the thing about planetary 1588 01:09:05,640 --> 01:09:02,290 nebula is is that there's a lot of 1589 01:09:08,069 --> 01:09:05,650 awesome dust there that shields these 1590 01:09:10,019 --> 01:09:08,079 molecules and prevents them from being 1591 01:09:12,120 --> 01:09:10,029 torn apart from the harsh radiation of 1592 01:09:15,209 --> 01:09:12,130 interstellar space from all these other 1593 01:09:17,549 --> 01:09:15,219 stars so we could explain that okay that 1594 01:09:20,399 --> 01:09:17,559 that makes sense they're they these 1595 01:09:23,160 --> 01:09:20,409 these dying stars produce this the suit 1596 01:09:26,160 --> 01:09:23,170 this these bucky balls this carbonaceous 1597 01:09:28,859 --> 01:09:26,170 material and they're protected in this 1598 01:09:30,809 --> 01:09:28,869 planetary nebula phase but what's 1599 01:09:34,829 --> 01:09:30,819 interesting about this discovery from 1600 01:09:36,180 --> 01:09:34,839 Hubble just this year is that some of 1601 01:09:38,879 --> 01:09:36,190 these bucky balls are actually an 1602 01:09:41,789 --> 01:09:38,889 interstellar space where we expected the 1603 01:09:44,430 --> 01:09:41,799 harsh radiation and interstellar space 1604 01:09:47,879 --> 01:09:44,440 to tear them apart but they seem to be 1605 01:09:50,399 --> 01:09:47,889 hearty enough to survive and in fact if 1606 01:09:53,129 --> 01:09:50,409 they're that hearty and in fact a common 1607 01:09:56,040 --> 01:09:53,139 belief or a common hypothesis I should 1608 01:09:57,870 --> 01:09:56,050 say for what a lot of 1609 01:10:00,240 --> 01:09:57,880 a few sonís other bands are are sort of 1610 01:10:02,879 --> 01:10:00,250 these carbonaceous grains there are 1611 01:10:06,450 --> 01:10:02,889 molecules not grains these carbonaceous 1612 01:10:08,069 --> 01:10:06,460 molecules if that's true it tells us 1613 01:10:09,899 --> 01:10:08,079 something about the habitability of our 1614 01:10:11,609 --> 01:10:09,909 universe because they are quite common 1615 01:10:14,459 --> 01:10:11,619 they're quite ubiquitous ubiquitous and 1616 01:10:17,100 --> 01:10:14,469 carbon and organic molecules that carry 1617 01:10:20,790 --> 01:10:17,110 carbon are what we think are the 1618 01:10:22,649 --> 01:10:20,800 precursors to what we need for for the 1619 01:10:25,919 --> 01:10:22,659 prebiotic molecules that would later 1620 01:10:27,720 --> 01:10:25,929 than form life so the idea that the that 1621 01:10:30,560 --> 01:10:27,730 the interstellar medium there a galaxy 1622 01:10:33,149 --> 01:10:30,570 could be filled with these carbonaceous 1623 01:10:36,780 --> 01:10:33,159 molecules potentially even raining down 1624 01:10:39,149 --> 01:10:36,790 on the early Earth might be a source for 1625 01:10:42,990 --> 01:10:39,159 how we got the ingredients in the early 1626 01:10:46,649 --> 01:10:43,000 and the early days of the earth from 1627 01:10:49,319 --> 01:10:46,659 when from when who knows magic happens 1628 01:10:53,490 --> 01:10:49,329 nobody knows exactly how life left got 1629 01:10:55,890 --> 01:10:53,500 it started but chemically but you have 1630 01:10:58,649 --> 01:10:55,900 you know you have some material there 1631 01:11:03,060 --> 01:10:58,659 and life happens somehow so this is a 1632 01:11:04,470 --> 01:11:03,070 big part of that mystery and then I just 1633 01:11:07,649 --> 01:11:04,480 want to I want to I want to close by 1634 01:11:13,260 --> 01:11:07,659 saying something about the future so 1635 01:11:14,669 --> 01:11:13,270 spectroscopy is well spectroscopy is 1636 01:11:17,010 --> 01:11:14,679 going to be a big part of our future and 1637 01:11:18,330 --> 01:11:17,020 the James Webb Space Telescope which I'm 1638 01:11:20,010 --> 01:11:18,340 sure you all aware launches in a couple 1639 01:11:22,919 --> 01:11:20,020 of years is going to be a spectroscopy 1640 01:11:26,250 --> 01:11:22,929 machine it is going to do so much with 1641 01:11:29,100 --> 01:11:26,260 spectroscopy that it's actually going to 1642 01:11:32,339 --> 01:11:29,110 be hard maybe to even handle all that 1643 01:11:34,200 --> 01:11:32,349 amount of data so one of it has several 1644 01:11:35,430 --> 01:11:34,210 spectrographs on it but I want to 1645 01:11:37,740 --> 01:11:35,440 highlight one of the most interesting 1646 01:11:40,649 --> 01:11:37,750 ones this is co this is an instrument 1647 01:11:43,339 --> 01:11:40,659 called near spec and it's a it's a new 1648 01:11:46,260 --> 01:11:43,349 technology for collecting spectra 1649 01:11:48,419 --> 01:11:46,270 basically what happens with near spec is 1650 01:11:51,720 --> 01:11:48,429 you it's you have these little shutters 1651 01:11:53,790 --> 01:11:51,730 okay on the camera and by the process of 1652 01:11:55,620 --> 01:11:53,800 using a magnet and electric charge they 1653 01:11:57,780 --> 01:11:55,630 can open and close these individual 1654 01:11:59,430 --> 01:11:57,790 shutters which are very tiny you know 1655 01:12:01,140 --> 01:11:59,440 we're talking about smaller than your 1656 01:12:05,569 --> 01:12:01,150 hair like these little shutters which 1657 01:12:09,899 --> 01:12:05,579 are very tiny and they can open up and 1658 01:12:11,520 --> 01:12:09,909 you can choose which objects on whatever 1659 01:12:13,259 --> 01:12:11,530 you want to take a spectrum of so 1660 01:12:16,649 --> 01:12:13,269 whatever is open you'll get a spectrum 1661 01:12:19,439 --> 01:12:16,659 of that okay so instead of the current 1662 01:12:21,449 --> 01:12:19,449 model where we have to carefully pick 1663 01:12:24,089 --> 01:12:21,459 one object in the field which is the 1664 01:12:25,439 --> 01:12:24,099 most common case one omelet object in 1665 01:12:27,899 --> 01:12:25,449 the field and we get a spectrum of it 1666 01:12:31,020 --> 01:12:27,909 it's very time you know it's very 1667 01:12:33,839 --> 01:12:31,030 laborious it's very time intensive we 1668 01:12:35,969 --> 01:12:33,849 can just open the shutters and just get 1669 01:12:37,620 --> 01:12:35,979 a flood of spectra high resolution 1670 01:12:40,560 --> 01:12:37,630 medium resolution really high-quality 1671 01:12:42,149 --> 01:12:40,570 spectra from the universe and so this is 1672 01:12:45,120 --> 01:12:42,159 really going to change the game for our 1673 01:12:49,589 --> 01:12:45,130 understanding of galaxy evolution and 1674 01:12:52,169 --> 01:12:49,599 all sorts of things all right 1675 01:12:54,299 --> 01:12:52,179 and then I'm gonna fly through these 1676 01:12:56,159 --> 01:12:54,309 last bits quickly but I feel like when 1677 01:12:59,279 --> 01:12:56,169 you talk about tools in astronomy you 1678 01:13:03,540 --> 01:12:59,289 can't you cannot not talk about these 1679 01:13:05,969 --> 01:13:03,550 these these last few slides these are 1680 01:13:08,189 --> 01:13:05,979 also the area where in many cases I am 1681 01:13:12,000 --> 01:13:08,199 the least of an expert there's not a lot 1682 01:13:14,549 --> 01:13:12,010 of dust here but but I do want to I do 1683 01:13:16,919 --> 01:13:14,559 want to give it its due this is an 1684 01:13:19,979 --> 01:13:16,929 amazing era of astronomy that we live in 1685 01:13:22,830 --> 01:13:19,989 this multi messenger astronomy and what 1686 01:13:25,080 --> 01:13:22,840 do I mean by multi messenger it's an 1687 01:13:28,469 --> 01:13:25,090 interesting name that the astronomers 1688 01:13:30,629 --> 01:13:28,479 have given this field the idea that the 1689 01:13:32,729 --> 01:13:30,639 universe is sending us messages in a 1690 01:13:35,040 --> 01:13:32,739 bottle if you will but multi messenger 1691 01:13:39,929 --> 01:13:35,050 is essentially everything that I talked 1692 01:13:42,839 --> 01:13:39,939 about was using light okay you know as 1693 01:13:44,850 --> 01:13:42,849 astronomers unless we are lucky enough 1694 01:13:46,859 --> 01:13:44,860 to be a planetary astronomer we can't go 1695 01:13:49,229 --> 01:13:46,869 to the places that we study and take 1696 01:13:51,719 --> 01:13:49,239 samples of these objects right if 1697 01:13:53,339 --> 01:13:51,729 they're too far away all we have to 1698 01:13:55,770 --> 01:13:53,349 study are what the universe sends to us 1699 01:13:58,770 --> 01:13:55,780 right the messages that it sends to us 1700 01:14:00,959 --> 01:13:58,780 right and so for the longest time right 1701 01:14:02,939 --> 01:14:00,969 we've used light you know started with 1702 01:14:05,219 --> 01:14:02,949 visible light then we moved across all 1703 01:14:07,199 --> 01:14:05,229 the types types of light but there are 1704 01:14:09,810 --> 01:14:07,209 other ways that the universe can give us 1705 01:14:11,699 --> 01:14:09,820 information okay so let's go through 1706 01:14:13,140 --> 01:14:11,709 those so of course we already talked 1707 01:14:15,120 --> 01:14:13,150 about light and so I won't 1708 01:14:17,250 --> 01:14:15,130 I won't spend any time on this but light 1709 01:14:19,679 --> 01:14:17,260 is the way that we've been studying the 1710 01:14:23,040 --> 01:14:19,689 universe the most but there's also 1711 01:14:23,820 --> 01:14:23,050 particles there's also matter mass okay 1712 01:14:25,920 --> 01:14:23,830 charged part 1713 01:14:28,850 --> 01:14:25,930 chuckles small things called neutrinos 1714 01:14:31,320 --> 01:14:28,860 these are things that come from 1715 01:14:35,700 --> 01:14:31,330 high-energy events in the universe that 1716 01:14:36,960 --> 01:14:35,710 send us that get sent throughout the 1717 01:14:41,280 --> 01:14:36,970 universe and if we're lucky we can 1718 01:14:44,660 --> 01:14:41,290 capture them this image here is of a 1719 01:14:49,830 --> 01:14:44,670 tank underground called super your 1720 01:14:51,660 --> 01:14:49,840 super-kamiokande it's in Japan and it's 1721 01:14:54,180 --> 01:14:51,670 filled it gets filled with 50,000 tons 1722 01:14:56,370 --> 01:14:54,190 of purified water and it has over 10,000 1723 01:14:58,320 --> 01:14:56,380 light sensors and basically this entire 1724 01:15:00,900 --> 01:14:58,330 purpose of this mission of this tank 1725 01:15:04,800 --> 01:15:00,910 this Observatory this telescope for lack 1726 01:15:06,300 --> 01:15:04,810 of a better word is to detect the some 1727 01:15:08,730 --> 01:15:06,310 of the smallest particles we could ever 1728 01:15:10,530 --> 01:15:08,740 think of called neutrinos and there are 1729 01:15:12,060 --> 01:15:10,540 thousands of neutrinos coming through 1730 01:15:13,440 --> 01:15:12,070 our body every second they don't they're 1731 01:15:15,990 --> 01:15:13,450 so small they don't interact with matter 1732 01:15:18,030 --> 01:15:16,000 at all okay and they come from things 1733 01:15:21,750 --> 01:15:18,040 like the Sun and high-energy events and 1734 01:15:23,070 --> 01:15:21,760 so on but if we can actually start 1735 01:15:24,510 --> 01:15:23,080 detecting these which we have we've 1736 01:15:26,610 --> 01:15:24,520 started to be able to take these 1737 01:15:27,930 --> 01:15:26,620 neutrinos it'll give us insights into 1738 01:15:29,670 --> 01:15:27,940 things like what's happening in the 1739 01:15:33,750 --> 01:15:29,680 center of the Sun that we can't see with 1740 01:15:36,090 --> 01:15:33,760 light okay so so that's a very powerful 1741 01:15:38,880 --> 01:15:36,100 tool and then there's also gravitational 1742 01:15:40,350 --> 01:15:38,890 wave astronomy if you if you've been 1743 01:15:41,310 --> 01:15:40,360 alive the last couple years you probably 1744 01:15:44,270 --> 01:15:41,320 have heard of gravitational wave 1745 01:15:48,150 --> 01:15:44,280 astronomy this was a big deal these 1746 01:15:51,300 --> 01:15:48,160 these gravitational wave detectors you 1747 01:15:54,720 --> 01:15:51,310 see the to hear from LIGO one in 1748 01:15:57,590 --> 01:15:54,730 Washington State and the other one in 1749 01:16:00,720 --> 01:15:57,600 Louisiana I think Louisiana and 1750 01:16:02,310 --> 01:16:00,730 essentially the idea is is that if you 1751 01:16:04,710 --> 01:16:02,320 have these really massive objects like 1752 01:16:06,840 --> 01:16:04,720 black holes or neutron stars collide 1753 01:16:09,060 --> 01:16:06,850 they'll send ripples through space-time 1754 01:16:11,190 --> 01:16:09,070 and those ripples will come and they'll 1755 01:16:14,040 --> 01:16:11,200 interact with the earth that's a highly 1756 01:16:16,470 --> 01:16:14,050 exaggerated way of interacting by the 1757 01:16:18,620 --> 01:16:16,480 way it's not quite that bad but they'll 1758 01:16:22,640 --> 01:16:18,630 interact with the earth and as he as 1759 01:16:25,260 --> 01:16:22,650 space-time itself increases and expands 1760 01:16:28,260 --> 01:16:25,270 okay it'll pull these different lever 1761 01:16:30,060 --> 01:16:28,270 arms and there's lasers going through 1762 01:16:33,390 --> 01:16:30,070 these that estimate the distance and 1763 01:16:35,670 --> 01:16:33,400 they'll be able to tell the wiggling of 1764 01:16:36,839 --> 01:16:35,680 the earth as a gravitational wave goes 1765 01:16:38,790 --> 01:16:36,849 through and the 1766 01:16:40,200 --> 01:16:38,800 that you have two of them gives you some 1767 01:16:42,209 --> 01:16:40,210 hope that you actually might be able to 1768 01:16:44,100 --> 01:16:42,219 pinpoint roughly the source on the sky 1769 01:16:46,709 --> 01:16:44,110 where they came from okay 1770 01:16:48,240 --> 01:16:46,719 because one one might hit this detector 1771 01:16:49,169 --> 01:16:48,250 first before it hits the other detector 1772 01:16:52,859 --> 01:16:49,179 and so on you might be able to 1773 01:16:54,569 --> 01:16:52,869 triangulate a little bit and so actually 1774 01:16:59,459 --> 01:16:54,579 we've been able to do that and Seoul I 1775 01:17:02,810 --> 01:16:59,469 go now has discovered with the 1776 01:17:06,300 --> 01:17:02,820 gravitational wave detectors these 1777 01:17:08,729 --> 01:17:06,310 merging black holes and what's really 1778 01:17:10,290 --> 01:17:08,739 interesting is so the the blue here our 1779 01:17:13,979 --> 01:17:10,300 although the gravitational wave 1780 01:17:16,830 --> 01:17:13,989 detection x' though the purple here were 1781 01:17:18,569 --> 01:17:16,840 detected by some signature of light 1782 01:17:21,390 --> 01:17:18,579 coming from the from them from the 1783 01:17:23,430 --> 01:17:21,400 merger but we're but with the 1784 01:17:24,930 --> 01:17:23,440 gravitational wave we're probing larger 1785 01:17:27,359 --> 01:17:24,940 black holes and we were able to probe 1786 01:17:29,520 --> 01:17:27,369 before and learning more about them and 1787 01:17:31,740 --> 01:17:29,530 you can also do the same for neutron 1788 01:17:34,620 --> 01:17:31,750 stars so this is a neutron star 1789 01:17:38,040 --> 01:17:34,630 detection so neutron stars are the dense 1790 01:17:45,060 --> 01:17:38,050 cores of old stars and Frank's getting 1791 01:17:48,600 --> 01:17:45,070 up which tells me all right well this is 1792 01:17:50,729 --> 01:17:48,610 my last slide nice time all right I also 1793 01:17:52,560 --> 01:17:50,739 I also I also have to say something 1794 01:17:56,069 --> 01:17:52,570 about tools there's a whole field in 1795 01:17:57,800 --> 01:17:56,079 theory and modeling every every subject 1796 01:18:00,419 --> 01:17:57,810 of astronomy and astrophysics has 1797 01:18:03,060 --> 01:18:00,429 theorists and has modelers that work on 1798 01:18:05,129 --> 01:18:03,070 on understanding the basic physical 1799 01:18:07,589 --> 01:18:05,139 concepts and I just want to play this 1800 01:18:10,560 --> 01:18:07,599 because it's beautiful this is an 1801 01:18:12,810 --> 01:18:10,570 illustrious simulation this is 1802 01:18:14,939 --> 01:18:12,820 essentially putting in the physics of 1803 01:18:16,410 --> 01:18:14,949 our known universe into this really 1804 01:18:18,780 --> 01:18:16,420 powerful computer simulation and 1805 01:18:20,490 --> 01:18:18,790 watching it play with time this purple 1806 01:18:24,750 --> 01:18:20,500 here this is basically looking at the 1807 01:18:27,390 --> 01:18:24,760 are ten mega parsec view of our universe 1808 01:18:29,280 --> 01:18:27,400 and you're seeing dark matter here and 1809 01:18:31,680 --> 01:18:29,290 you're seeing all the gravity that's 1810 01:18:33,510 --> 01:18:31,690 condensing these proto galaxies together 1811 01:18:35,310 --> 01:18:33,520 and when they start to merge you know 1812 01:18:36,870 --> 01:18:35,320 you see these filaments and when these 1813 01:18:38,459 --> 01:18:36,880 galaxies start to merge you start 1814 01:18:40,439 --> 01:18:38,469 there's star formation happening and 1815 01:18:42,089 --> 01:18:40,449 then you're going to start seeing stars 1816 01:18:45,629 --> 01:18:42,099 blowing up in supernovae and giving 1817 01:18:46,890 --> 01:18:45,639 their gas back out into the material 1818 01:18:48,959 --> 01:18:46,900 between galaxies the intergalactic 1819 01:18:50,630 --> 01:18:48,969 medium so you can start seeing some 1820 01:18:54,830 --> 01:18:50,640 stars going on 1821 01:18:57,320 --> 01:18:54,840 this by doing something like this we put 1822 01:18:59,150 --> 01:18:57,330 our understanding of the physics into 1823 01:19:00,770 --> 01:18:59,160 these computer models and then we 1824 01:19:02,570 --> 01:19:00,780 compare what we see in here with our 1825 01:19:05,120 --> 01:19:02,580 observations and if they don't match up 1826 01:19:06,970 --> 01:19:05,130 it tells us that either we're doing bad 1827 01:19:09,410 --> 01:19:06,980 observations which I never believed or 1828 01:19:11,450 --> 01:19:09,420 that there's some fundamental 1829 01:19:14,120 --> 01:19:11,460 misunderstanding of the physics that we 1830 01:19:15,770 --> 01:19:14,130 need to resolve okay so that's a huge 1831 01:19:19,250 --> 01:19:15,780 area so with that I'm just going to 1832 01:19:21,020 --> 01:19:19,260 leave up the the universal learning law 1833 01:19:22,370 --> 01:19:21,030 URL where you can get all of our 1834 01:19:31,190 --> 01:19:22,380 activities and I'll leave it open for 1835 01:19:34,490 --> 01:19:31,200 questions all right all right we just 1836 01:19:36,110 --> 01:19:34,500 have four questions what so I have one 1837 01:19:40,760 --> 01:19:36,120 that I saw in the chat online which is 1838 01:19:43,720 --> 01:19:40,770 what is an absorption feature yeah 1839 01:19:47,270 --> 01:19:43,730 so an absorption feature is basically 1840 01:19:52,340 --> 01:19:47,280 you have all these photons going around 1841 01:19:54,650 --> 01:19:52,350 and as as if a photon of that particular 1842 01:19:57,080 --> 01:19:54,660 if of a light of that particular color 1843 01:19:59,060 --> 01:19:57,090 say that that yellow color I showed you 1844 01:20:01,610 --> 01:19:59,070 from helium if a photon that has that 1845 01:20:05,180 --> 01:20:01,620 particular color interacts with cooler 1846 01:20:08,420 --> 01:20:05,190 gas made of helium it's going to get 1847 01:20:10,190 --> 01:20:08,430 absorbed okay so then you're gonna see 1848 01:20:11,750 --> 01:20:10,200 an absorption feature is essentially a 1849 01:20:14,060 --> 01:20:11,760 dip in the amount of light that you see 1850 01:20:15,920 --> 01:20:14,070 so you have the Starlight than the 1851 01:20:18,380 --> 01:20:15,930 example I showed and it's bright and 1852 01:20:20,830 --> 01:20:18,390 then there'll be a dip because that 1853 01:20:23,570 --> 01:20:20,840 photon that was trying to reach us that 1854 01:20:25,370 --> 01:20:23,580 basically got stopped okay it couldn't 1855 01:20:29,200 --> 01:20:25,380 reach us so you're telling what's there 1856 01:20:33,590 --> 01:20:29,210 by telling what's not there yeah yeah 1857 01:20:38,720 --> 01:20:33,600 yeah questions oh all the way in the 1858 01:20:40,250 --> 01:20:38,730 back hold up for the microphone so the 1859 01:20:45,560 --> 01:20:40,260 online audience can hear there you go 1860 01:20:47,090 --> 01:20:45,570 hello I've heard a lot of talk today 1861 01:20:50,840 --> 01:20:47,100 about the different telescopes that 1862 01:20:54,830 --> 01:20:50,850 we've been putting out in space and they 1863 01:20:56,210 --> 01:20:54,840 all kind of observe sort of passively as 1864 01:20:57,830 --> 01:20:56,220 it were although all the electromagnetic 1865 01:21:02,750 --> 01:20:57,840 radiation from the universe I'm 1866 01:21:04,100 --> 01:21:02,760 wondering are there any other devices 1867 01:21:05,359 --> 01:21:04,110 out there like I remember 1868 01:21:06,950 --> 01:21:05,369 the Magellan mission used synthetic 1869 01:21:08,540 --> 01:21:06,960 aperture radar is there any other 1870 01:21:12,470 --> 01:21:08,550 synthetic aperture radar that uses 1871 01:21:13,390 --> 01:21:12,480 active detections right now or in the 1872 01:21:16,129 --> 01:21:13,400 future 1873 01:21:17,990 --> 01:21:16,139 now when you mean active detection so 1874 01:21:19,760 --> 01:21:18,000 maybe transmitting something turn 1875 01:21:22,250 --> 01:21:19,770 something back I see 1876 01:21:26,390 --> 01:21:22,260 well the distances in the universe are 1877 01:21:28,790 --> 01:21:26,400 so vast certainly that you know I know 1878 01:21:32,540 --> 01:21:28,800 the SETI project sent a message with 1879 01:21:33,830 --> 01:21:32,550 radio but in terms of anything back from 1880 01:21:37,609 --> 01:21:33,840 that one yeah we haven't heard anything 1881 01:21:40,729 --> 01:21:37,619 back we have used laser off the moon 1882 01:21:42,620 --> 01:21:40,739 yeah and radar off Venus right okay any 1883 01:21:45,609 --> 01:21:42,630 others like that and the other planets 1884 01:21:51,260 --> 01:21:47,689 I'm not sure if there's been any other 1885 01:21:52,340 --> 01:21:51,270 any other from the planets yeah I mean 1886 01:21:55,189 --> 01:21:52,350 that's that's the only hope you have 1887 01:21:59,300 --> 01:21:55,199 though is see I generally forget that we 1888 01:22:01,310 --> 01:21:59,310 have the solar system so that you're 1889 01:22:02,990 --> 01:22:01,320 reminded there is some dust in the solar 1890 01:22:06,260 --> 01:22:03,000 so there is some there is some just 1891 01:22:07,669 --> 01:22:06,270 don't love it but though that's a good 1892 01:22:10,129 --> 01:22:07,679 point so that is another way of getting 1893 01:22:16,820 --> 01:22:10,139 information from objects in the solar 1894 01:22:18,500 --> 01:22:16,830 system yeah thank you yeah oh wait okay 1895 01:22:21,950 --> 01:22:18,510 we have an online audience that needs to 1896 01:22:23,570 --> 01:22:21,960 hear your wonderful question yeah it 1897 01:22:27,080 --> 01:22:23,580 won't make it to the microphones yes you 1898 01:22:31,340 --> 01:22:27,090 can chop the end are together we don't 1899 01:22:35,209 --> 01:22:31,350 what he was joking what you called us 1900 01:22:39,649 --> 01:22:35,219 must be incredibly variable throughout 1901 01:22:42,379 --> 01:22:39,659 the universe but what's it like what's 1902 01:22:45,500 --> 01:22:42,389 dust like it obviously becomes dense 1903 01:22:48,620 --> 01:22:45,510 enough to become a star but but it just 1904 01:22:52,459 --> 01:22:48,630 dust yeah you know we think of dust is 1905 01:22:55,250 --> 01:22:52,469 what we think of as dust yeah yes just 1906 01:22:58,310 --> 01:22:55,260 money-spinner yet if you're in it I mean 1907 01:23:00,800 --> 01:22:58,320 am I like in it or is it so far apart 1908 01:23:04,520 --> 01:23:00,810 each particle that I don't even know 1909 01:23:07,220 --> 01:23:04,530 that white far apart but the studying of 1910 01:23:10,310 --> 01:23:07,230 the composition of dust itself and the 1911 01:23:12,229 --> 01:23:10,320 sizes of dust is its own field so dust 1912 01:23:14,140 --> 01:23:12,239 comes in a range of sizes and the actual 1913 01:23:16,669 --> 01:23:14,150 breakdown of where you go from being 1914 01:23:17,930 --> 01:23:16,679 molecules to being a dust to grain is 1915 01:23:20,240 --> 01:23:17,940 not exact 1916 01:23:22,040 --> 01:23:20,250 we defined its physical properties that 1917 01:23:24,530 --> 01:23:22,050 to find that but you know you start out 1918 01:23:26,030 --> 01:23:24,540 with molecules and if you get if you get 1919 01:23:27,530 --> 01:23:26,040 large enough for the molecules stick to 1920 01:23:29,330 --> 01:23:27,540 dust grains you can start to grow them 1921 01:23:31,160 --> 01:23:29,340 dust grains can stick together you can 1922 01:23:32,930 --> 01:23:31,170 start to grow things of course things 1923 01:23:35,890 --> 01:23:32,940 can tear apart dust grains it's this 1924 01:23:37,430 --> 01:23:35,900 active process and there's 1925 01:23:38,360 --> 01:23:37,440 compositionally there's lots of 1926 01:23:40,340 --> 01:23:38,370 different kinds of dust there's 1927 01:23:43,010 --> 01:23:40,350 carbonaceous dust there's silicate dust 1928 01:23:46,460 --> 01:23:43,020 there's Isis out there so sometimes dust 1929 01:23:48,140 --> 01:23:46,470 is covered in ice and chemically that 1930 01:23:50,770 --> 01:23:48,150 produces a lot of different 1931 01:23:53,210 --> 01:23:50,780 possibilities for what you can actually 1932 01:23:55,100 --> 01:23:53,220 create the types of molecules and things 1933 01:23:56,240 --> 01:23:55,110 you can actually create so a lot of 1934 01:23:59,000 --> 01:23:56,250 things are actually created on the 1935 01:24:00,620 --> 01:23:59,010 surface of dust grains themselves so 1936 01:24:02,540 --> 01:24:00,630 like what's the average density of an 1937 01:24:04,220 --> 01:24:02,550 interstellar dust cloud because you know 1938 01:24:06,080 --> 01:24:04,230 the air we're breathing now is billions 1939 01:24:07,760 --> 01:24:06,090 and trillions of particles per cubic 1940 01:24:09,290 --> 01:24:07,770 centimeter well certainly much less than 1941 01:24:12,410 --> 01:24:09,300 that I don't know it yeah it's like 10 1942 01:24:14,030 --> 01:24:12,420 to the fifth yeah I don't I don't 1943 01:24:17,480 --> 01:24:14,040 actually recall the the actual density 1944 01:24:19,550 --> 01:24:17,490 of it but it's yeah so I mean even the 1945 01:24:21,230 --> 01:24:19,560 dust clouds that she's talking about are 1946 01:24:24,110 --> 01:24:21,240 way lower density than the air you're 1947 01:24:26,150 --> 01:24:24,120 breathing right now okay yeah well and 1948 01:24:27,920 --> 01:24:26,160 there's a there's there's a the thing is 1949 01:24:30,410 --> 01:24:27,930 there's also a range of densities of 1950 01:24:32,510 --> 01:24:30,420 dust clouds too right so so I mean we 1951 01:24:33,650 --> 01:24:32,520 have we have things like some of the 1952 01:24:37,130 --> 01:24:33,660 nebula that you look here but then 1953 01:24:39,890 --> 01:24:37,140 there's also dust clouds that are much 1954 01:24:41,570 --> 01:24:39,900 denser that in fact we typically 1955 01:24:43,160 --> 01:24:41,580 wouldn't use Hubble to go observe we 1956 01:24:44,930 --> 01:24:43,170 would only see them in shadow anyway if 1957 01:24:46,370 --> 01:24:44,940 we do observe them they're there they 1958 01:24:48,290 --> 01:24:46,380 have interesting names like Bok globules 1959 01:24:49,670 --> 01:24:48,300 and things but they're they're the 1960 01:24:51,470 --> 01:24:49,680 places where we think the stars are 1961 01:24:53,990 --> 01:24:51,480 actually forming in and those are where 1962 01:24:56,660 --> 01:24:54,000 you have the densest places the densest 1963 01:24:58,730 --> 01:24:56,670 amount of dust is in those regions okay 1964 01:25:01,070 --> 01:24:58,740 you have an online question do neutrinos 1965 01:25:03,410 --> 01:25:01,080 pass through the entire Earth without 1966 01:25:06,950 --> 01:25:03,420 hitting anything because solid matter is 1967 01:25:14,890 --> 01:25:06,960 mostly empty space or because neutrinos 1968 01:25:18,080 --> 01:25:14,900 don't interact good that is a good price 1969 01:25:20,570 --> 01:25:18,090 question yeah remember when I put up 1970 01:25:28,550 --> 01:25:20,580 multi messenger and I said that I not an 1971 01:25:30,919 --> 01:25:28,560 expert I'm not a yeah I think it might 1972 01:25:33,410 --> 01:25:30,929 be both right I mean it's sort of both 1973 01:25:35,209 --> 01:25:33,420 but I mean I if you just think about you 1974 01:25:37,189 --> 01:25:35,219 know the normal interaction of a photon 1975 01:25:39,979 --> 01:25:37,199 with things versus and ya know things 1976 01:25:42,470 --> 01:25:39,989 they're you know really low mass objects 1977 01:25:43,970 --> 01:25:42,480 anyways both of them right right and so 1978 01:25:46,459 --> 01:25:43,980 I would say it's just because neutrinos 1979 01:25:48,080 --> 01:25:46,469 just don't interact more would be more 1980 01:25:50,180 --> 01:25:48,090 cuz you're comparing it against 1981 01:25:51,350 --> 01:25:50,190 something else that yeah also yeah 1982 01:25:54,290 --> 01:25:51,360 that's a great question 1983 01:25:56,840 --> 01:25:54,300 that's no I'm gonna do my homework yeah 1984 01:25:58,340 --> 01:25:56,850 and you know they aren't electrically 1985 01:25:59,959 --> 01:25:58,350 charged so there's very very little 1986 01:26:00,649 --> 01:25:59,969 chance for them to interaction to active 1987 01:26:05,240 --> 01:26:00,659 as well 1988 01:26:06,979 --> 01:26:05,250 all right over here hey this is the best 1989 01:26:11,629 --> 01:26:06,989 astronomy lecture I've been to this 1990 01:26:13,220 --> 01:26:11,639 month this month all right well I got it 1991 01:26:16,729 --> 01:26:13,230 sorry it's only the third of the month 1992 01:26:21,709 --> 01:26:16,739 so my god bucks and I just read this 1993 01:26:24,410 --> 01:26:21,719 recently the dust is is so scattered at 1994 01:26:27,620 --> 01:26:24,420 least in the solar system that a 1995 01:26:30,649 --> 01:26:27,630 spacecraft an average spacecraft would 1996 01:26:34,189 --> 01:26:30,659 encounter a dust particle every three 1997 01:26:35,510 --> 01:26:34,199 days does that sound about right yeah I 1998 01:26:37,910 --> 01:26:35,520 could yeah I could believe that 1999 01:26:40,520 --> 01:26:37,920 sure I mean that yeah it's it's it's 2000 01:26:42,709 --> 01:26:40,530 it's not dense at all I mean you're not 2001 01:26:44,570 --> 01:26:42,719 yeah this this is the exact sort of 2002 01:26:46,490 --> 01:26:44,580 thing that that they have to think about 2003 01:26:48,770 --> 01:26:46,500 when they create when they when they're 2004 01:26:50,030 --> 01:26:48,780 building the spacecraft you know like 2005 01:26:52,250 --> 01:26:50,040 for example James Webb they're gonna 2006 01:26:54,290 --> 01:26:52,260 they're gonna park it at the lagrangean 2007 01:26:56,090 --> 01:26:54,300 million miles away they have to have you 2008 01:26:57,530 --> 01:26:56,100 know they have some estimates of the 2009 01:27:00,379 --> 01:26:57,540 wear and tear on the spacecraft over 2010 01:27:02,810 --> 01:27:00,389 time as it interacts with dust grains or 2011 01:27:06,410 --> 01:27:02,820 other you know small particles that are 2012 01:27:08,540 --> 01:27:06,420 going through so yeah they it's 2013 01:27:10,340 --> 01:27:08,550 certainly not a bad enough issue that 2014 01:27:12,290 --> 01:27:10,350 they're worried about it you know ending 2015 01:27:15,560 --> 01:27:12,300 a mission in a very short timeframe so 2016 01:27:17,840 --> 01:27:15,570 it's it's not very dense yeah but also 2017 01:27:19,970 --> 01:27:17,850 space is very big so if you actually 2018 01:27:22,970 --> 01:27:19,980 were to add up all that material over 2019 01:27:26,030 --> 01:27:22,980 all of that space it amounts for quite a 2020 01:27:28,040 --> 01:27:26,040 bit in terms of in you know bulk it 2021 01:27:30,050 --> 01:27:28,050 actually adds up to a lot if you 2022 01:27:31,490 --> 01:27:30,060 you know it's scattered throughout the 2023 01:27:33,230 --> 01:27:31,500 throughout the interstellar medium and 2024 01:27:51,700 --> 01:27:33,240 throughout the solar system so okay 2025 01:27:58,040 --> 01:27:55,040 back to the neutrino question who knows 2026 01:28:00,560 --> 01:27:58,050 don't interact or you'll bump it up 2027 01:28:05,510 --> 01:28:00,570 anything how then do we detect them for 2028 01:28:08,320 --> 01:28:05,520 example yo cameo or Ice Cube how do we 2029 01:28:12,500 --> 01:28:08,330 detect them that's a great question so 2030 01:28:15,890 --> 01:28:12,510 they don't interact much but if one in 2031 01:28:17,690 --> 01:28:15,900 you know a hundred billion or whatever I 2032 01:28:19,460 --> 01:28:17,700 don't know what the exact ratio is and 2033 01:28:21,230 --> 01:28:19,470 does interact there is a very small 2034 01:28:24,770 --> 01:28:21,240 chance that it will inter it will 2035 01:28:27,410 --> 01:28:24,780 actually impact a water molecule and 2036 01:28:31,160 --> 01:28:27,420 when that does it's a very rare event 2037 01:28:33,800 --> 01:28:31,170 they they have those detectors there to 2038 01:28:37,160 --> 01:28:33,810 see the flash so it's a it's incredibly 2039 01:28:39,050 --> 01:28:37,170 rare but it it does happen enough that 2040 01:28:42,920 --> 01:28:39,060 they've been able to text some so the 2041 01:28:44,840 --> 01:28:42,930 simulation very very inefficient so the 2042 01:28:46,790 --> 01:28:44,850 statistic I remember from graduate 2043 01:28:48,650 --> 01:28:46,800 school way back when was that the 2044 01:28:50,600 --> 01:28:48,660 original neutrino detector was a 2045 01:28:52,970 --> 01:28:50,610 swimming pool of carbon tetrachloride 2046 01:28:55,280 --> 01:28:52,980 cleaning fluid okay so take a swimming 2047 01:28:57,350 --> 01:28:55,290 pool of cleaning fluid okay shielded 2048 01:28:58,850 --> 01:28:57,360 from all other radiation and the 2049 01:29:01,280 --> 01:28:58,860 neutrinos that are passing through it 2050 01:29:03,890 --> 01:29:01,290 you get about one per interaction per 2051 01:29:05,360 --> 01:29:03,900 day with a swimming pool of clean flu 2052 01:29:06,380 --> 01:29:05,370 because the the entry nose would 2053 01:29:09,200 --> 01:29:06,390 interact with the clock with the 2054 01:29:11,050 --> 01:29:09,210 chlorine create the rate is shrink of 2055 01:29:12,650 --> 01:29:11,060 radiation and then the the 2056 01:29:14,900 --> 01:29:12,660 photomultipliers wouldn't be able to 2057 01:29:17,360 --> 01:29:14,910 detect it that was the original one this 2058 01:29:21,260 --> 01:29:17,370 is the super camera Conda is much much 2059 01:29:23,300 --> 01:29:21,270 much much more advanced all right I 2060 01:29:25,550 --> 01:29:23,310 think we have one more question who 2061 01:29:29,840 --> 01:29:25,560 would like the last question there all 2062 01:29:32,450 --> 01:29:29,850 right there we go that so there's been a 2063 01:29:34,880 --> 01:29:32,460 in the news recently about the mega 2064 01:29:37,400 --> 01:29:34,890 constellations of satellites and whatnot 2065 01:29:39,650 --> 01:29:37,410 how's that going to affect things is 2066 01:29:46,520 --> 01:29:39,660 their fight green can you subtract that 2067 01:29:48,380 --> 01:29:46,530 out it's a very good question I don't 2068 01:29:52,940 --> 01:29:48,390 want to get on anyone's bad side if they 2069 01:29:54,830 --> 01:29:52,950 watch this on it yeah it is actually a 2070 01:29:58,550 --> 01:29:54,840 problem I mean these satellites these 2071 01:30:00,560 --> 01:29:58,560 satellites are a problem it I know you 2072 01:30:02,600 --> 01:30:00,570 know we do want 2073 01:30:06,920 --> 01:30:02,610 of course 5g and we want all the 2074 01:30:11,000 --> 01:30:06,930 technology that comes with it but you 2075 01:30:12,530 --> 01:30:11,010 know it it essentially becomes next to 2076 01:30:13,940 --> 01:30:12,540 impossible if you get enough of them up 2077 01:30:15,410 --> 01:30:13,950 they're like what what happened if you 2078 01:30:17,240 --> 01:30:15,420 and if they just happen across your 2079 01:30:19,160 --> 01:30:17,250 field of view to actually subtract it 2080 01:30:21,590 --> 01:30:19,170 out it kind of just unless you happen to 2081 01:30:26,660 --> 01:30:21,600 get your targets like in between them so 2082 01:30:29,300 --> 01:30:26,670 it's very disruptive you know so who 2083 01:30:31,040 --> 01:30:29,310 knows maybe maybe they'll feel guilty 2084 01:30:37,310 --> 01:30:31,050 enough that they'll fund Space 2085 01:30:40,070 --> 01:30:37,320 Telescope's more and all right huit 9:30 2086 01:30:41,990 --> 01:30:40,080 and I always cut off at 9:30 and brandon 2087 01:30:50,060 --> 01:30:42,000 has given you a ton of things to look 2088 01:30:52,160 --> 01:30:50,070 about do we have our Maryland spacecraft 2089 01:30:55,490 --> 01:30:52,170 server target person yes all right 2090 01:30:57,410 --> 01:30:55,500 Jacob our Alex Jacob Jacob's gonna come 2091 01:30:59,540 --> 01:30:57,420 down here over to my right if you would 2092 01:31:01,310 --> 01:30:59,550 like to go across the street to look 2093 01:31:04,580 --> 01:31:01,320 through the telescope with Jacob please 2094 01:31:06,650 --> 01:31:04,590 come down and join him otherwise we will